Cause and Effect of Stress in Young Children - 1162 Words

Determining Causes and Effects- Draft Version Jacqueline C. Winfield Professor Leverett Butts English Composition- ENG 115 Friday, November 22, 2012 Young children are not always the first people we think of when it comes to the stress factor. We tend to believe that they are living in their best years, however with changes in economic situations such as parents not remaining married, being exposed to violence, and even feeling the need to belong a child can become overwhelmed. According to Wikipedia contributors, stress in young children can be beneficial to proper growth and development if it is not persistent (2013). Stress in young children should be monitored by caregivers, teachers, and others to prevent youth from†¦show more content†¦This increases the needs for medical doctors and researchers to aid in children’s well-being. Stress can make one over-aggressive causing children to become more violent. This possibly will increase the rates in bullying in schools at present to domestic abuse in the future. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is define as a mental condition that can affect a person who has had a very shocking or difficult experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, etc.( Merriam- Webster, 2013). When PTSD is not diagnosed for a long period it harms the brain causing impaired brain circuit formation resulting in small brain size in younger children (Wikipedia, 2013). Another effect of stress in youth is obesity. It has been an ongoing problem in past years. With the increasing demand of fast food chains it has become a quick fix for people to over indulge in horrible eating habits. With fast food restaurants’ remanding open late night and the famous value menu we are losing our youth to chubbiness. Between the factors of PTSD and obesity a child may become withdrawn. When this happens it can increase suicide rates. Children who are withdrawn may struggle in school, have frequent mood changes, feel neglect, and generally inadequate to their peers. As shown in the graph below, children make up 50% of people affected byShow MoreRelated Effects Of Being A Foster Care On Children And Adolescents1219 Words   |  5 PagesMackenzie Murphy English Composition 101 Dr.Kom Kunyosing Cause and Effect Essay November 16, 2015 Effects of being in foster care on children and adolescents Being in foster care can either have a positive effect on someone or it could have a very negative effect on someone. In my case, it not only had a positive effect but it also had some downfalls. Most often times children/adolescents are placed in foster care because it is a safer environment for themRead MoreThe Effects of Poverty on Children Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages When analyzing children growing up in poverty a lot of factors come into play such as their physical, psychological and emotional development. To grow up in poverty can have long term effect on a child. What should be emphasized in analyzing the effects of poverty on children is how it has caused many children around the world to suffer from physical disorders, malnutrition, and even diminishes their capacities to function in society. Poverty has played a major role in the functioning of familiesRead MoreFailing Expectations On Future Generations960 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative decision because children develop stress and unstable futures; nevertheless we can solve the issues of divorce by visiting marriage counselors, communicating with one another, and partaking in trail marriages Growing up with divorced parents can have a negative effect on children. â€Å"It diminishes children’s future competence in all five of society’s major or tasks institutions: family, school, religion, marketplace and government† (Fagon and Churhill 1). Children growing up with divorcedRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1548 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Divorce on Children Mikele J. King Medaille College Abstract The current divorce rate suggests that one out of every two marriages will end in divorce. This paper is a critical literature review that explores the hypothesis that divorce has detrimental effects on children. Six different risks have been suggested to cause the differences in an increased need for help between divorced family children and two-parent family children: parental loss, economic loss, more lifeRead MoreDivorce : Why It Affects Children More Than Adults872 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce: Why It Affects Children More Than Adults In today’s world many things affect children way more than it will adults. Children, while younger, are more vulnerable than adults are, and they have more potential to become â€Å"corrupted†. Divorce is one of the many occurrences that definitely affects children way more than adults. Divorce affects the adults with money issues, loss of a partner, and the lifestyle of the adult and with over â€Å"fifty percent of marriages† (Corcoran 1997) ending in divorceRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Infants And Young Children1711 Words   |  7 Pagesour environment shapes us is through stress, either experienced directly or indirectly. Stress is a complex physiobiological response that can have enduring biological, emotional, and behavioral consequences (Lupien et al, 2009). A fetus is sensitive to hormonal and other physiological indicators of stress within the womb and exposure to stress carries on after conception and continues to affect emotional and cognitive functioning of infants and young children. Similar to many other psychologicalRead MoreEffects of Non-Normative Life Events on Preschool and Middle Aged Children; Cognitive and Socioemotional1627 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Non-Normative Life Events on Preschool and Middle Aged Children; Cognitive and Socioemotional. This paper is intended to answer the question of what the effects are of non -normative life events on preschoolers and middle childhood aged children; cognitively and socioemotionally. This is very dear to me as I have two young children as well as older step children that have dealt with medical conditions with their father and I, as well as divorce with my older step children. ManyRead MoreThe Effect on Smoking Cigarette Banned in Public Essays1282 Words   |  6 Pagesrisk of dangerous drugs that cause the disease to the body of smokers and people who live nearby. Currently, there are many more smokers are aware of the adverse effects of smoking. But the number of smokers is still increasing. Especially worrisome and continue to cause adverse effects in both polite society and the environment. Smoking is much more to keep the population down to health problems and premature death. Of death, with smoking rates higher than other causes of death combined, includingRead MoreDivorce : The Effect On Children1084 Words   |  5 PagesHalterman Professor Tausch CTI 102 D Written Communication 4 October 2014 Divorce: the Effect on Children In today’s society, divorce has become a normal occurrence. Married couples today are getting divorces due to many different reasons; conflicts in the marriage, a loss of romantic feelings, perhaps a spouse is having an affair, or other types of problems. Most divorces have children that are really young and due to their age, they do not have any idea how to deal with this type of situationRead MoreAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States† (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violence can have negative effects on people causing; emotional

A Fine Balance Characters Free Essays

4 Characters: Dina, Ishvar, Om, Maneck. Ishvar is Om’s nephew. Dina is widowed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fine Balance: Characters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maneck college student. Dina Shroff, who was raised by her strict brother after her father died she meets Rustom Dalal. The couple fall in love and marry, but on their third wedding anniversary Rustom is killed in a bicycle accident, leaving Dina alone. Rustom’s aunt teaches Dina to sew her eyesight begins to fail, so she is forced to find another way to make money Her friend Zenobia introduces her to Mrs Gupta, who offers her some tailoring piece work She hires Ishvar Darji and his nephew Omprakash, originally from a small village, to do the work. Ishvar’s father wanted a better life for his sons and so sent them to a neighbouring town to learn to be tailors They became the apprentices of Muslim tailor Ashraf Ishvar was seventeen, racial hatred of Muslims reached boiling point and any homes or shops belonging to Muslims were burnt to the ground Ishvar and his brother Narayan saved Ashraf’s shop by claiming it belonged to them, leaving Ashraf forever in their debt. Narayan returned to the village and set up a successful tailor business for lower caste people He married and had a son. His business was very successful and it gave him enough money to build a proper house All was going well until Narayan discovered that the elections were being fixed by Thakur Dharamsi, a powerful land owner Narayan confronted Thakur, who had him tortured Not satisfied with just killing Narayan, Thakur decided to punish his whole family. Narayan’s wife, daughters and parents were tied up and burnt alive in their home. Omprakesh and Ishvar were the only ones to escape they continued working in their tailor shop, but were forced out of business when a ready-made clothing shop opened in the town. Maneck. He grew up in a mountain village, where his father was the proud owner of the local village store and inventor of a popular drink, Kohlah Cola Maneck was sent to college and became good friends with the student president, Avinash Avinash led an uprising against the conditions and became involved in politics When the Emergency was declared, Avinash had to go into hiding, leaving Maneck alone His mother then arranged for him to move in with Dina Dalal The four are quite happy for almost a year, but then the Emergency starts to impact their lives. The tailor’s shack is demolished in a government beautification program, forcing them to live on the streets After two months they bribe their way out and persuade Dina to let them move in with her. Ishvar decides it is time for Om to find a wife, so they return to Ashraf’s town There they bump into Thakur, who recognises the pair Ashraf is beaten to death and Ishvar and Om are given compulsory vasectomies Thakur visits them as they are recovering from the operation and arranges on a medical pretext to have Om’s testicles removed. Ishvar’s legs become infected and have to be amputated. Maneck finishes his college course and returns home His father’s business is failing due to cheap imports of commercial soda, and Maneck decides to leave, taking a job in the Middle East. Dina finds herself all alone. A Beggarmaster who had been protecting her from her landlord’s bailiffs is murdered, leaving her vulnerable; she reluctantly returns to live with her brother. Eight years later, Maneck returns home for his father’s funeral. Maneck reads some old newspapers and discovers that Avinash was found dead by the side of a railway track and Avinash’s three teenage sisters hanged themselves because their parents could not afford their wedding dowries. Maneck decides to visit Dina She explains that Ishvar lost his legs and that the tailors are now beggars Maneck leaves Dina’s house, pretending not to recognize the tailors in the street, and heads for the railway station where he steps in front of a train. How to cite A Fine Balance: Characters, Papers

Computer Security for Attack Experiences - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theComputer Security and other Issues for Attack Experiences. Answer: Attack Experiences A friend described to me an instance when the bank he was working for was hit by a cyber attack two years ago. The criminals posed as clients, who wanted to open a bank account. They persuaded the accounts opening officer to plug in a disk drive in to his computer so that he could download the clients documents and images. The flash disk was infected with a virus which quickly spread to the other computers in the organization, attempting to hijack core banking credentials and other information. The attack did not inflict any type of damage since the IT department was fast in arresting its spread. At the same time, the bank was hesitant to divulge any details because they feared it would affect the trust customers had in them. The attack was mainly successful because the customer service agent was not following the company policy regarding the use of disk drives, regardless of whether they were personal or from third parties. The company could have blocked disk drive access from the computers to further ensure that people who failed to follow policy did not hurt the companys interests. The computers which were affected by the attack were quarantined and taken off the network, as IT auditors ascertained the extent of the spread. Thereafter, an antivirus capable of neutralizing the threat was procured and applied on the infected computers, as well as the network. The security system used by the company was also reviewed. Had the employee in question and other received thorough training on the danger that such devices posed, it is likely that the attack could have been prevented. The attack could also have been prevented through the use of software that blocks disk drive access to the computer, requiring the customers to bring their documents in hard copy or have photos taken at the bank. Ransomware Attacks The Wannacry, Petya and NotPetya ransomware attacks have recently hit the global computer networks, affecting systems from Ukraine to the United States and Australia. The attacks were able to get into the computer systems of government bodies and companies, lock them and demand payment to reopen them or decrypt data they held. The payment demand was in terms of bitcoins, to reduce the chances of being tracked down. The ransomware was highly successful, at least in terms of how fast and wide they spread. It was aided in this by the fact that it was highly sophisticated, the tools used to make it being stolen from the NSA. They used the vulnerabilities found in Microsoft Windows to bypass security systems, and used emails as one of the tools of spreading, making its pace fast and not easily detectable. According to information released by Kaspersky after the third attack, NotPetya, all companies were advised to update their security systems and operating systems. This was based on the belief that vulnerabilities which had since been fixed (before the attack) were used to hijack computers. Users were also warned not to open any emails they found suspicious while reviewing their security setup frequently. The perpetrators of the attacks demanded a payment in bitcoins be sent to them o that they could then give the victim a code to decrypt the files in their computers. Kaspersky and other computer systems security companies soon issued decryption tools to get rid of the ransomware. The decryption tool would roll back the effects of the ransomware, though this is an extensive process owing to the complex nature of the attack itself. Zero-Day Attacks The ransom ware described above Wannacry, Petya and others can also qualify as being zero-day attacks. The attacks were able to find vulnerabilities in Windows operating systems, which had not been patched before. The vulnerabilities were discovered by research going into years, and initially performed by the NSA. The NSA later lost these tools and information on the vulnerabilities, which were then used to fashion highly complex hacking tools in the form of the afore-mentioned ransomware. Other software has also come under attack. For instance, adobe flash player was the victim of attacks which had discovered a weakness in its code, which was then exploited before a patch could be developed by the company. The malware was discovered by actions of hackers who must have spent a considerable amount of time examining the code looking for possible loopholes to exploit. In early 2017, FireEye discovered an attack used to attack computer systems using vulnerabilities in Microsoft office. This attack was addressed in conjunction with Microsoft to coordinate a response. In 2015, FireEye also discovered an attack directed at Windows to steal credentials, the malware would hijack the system and encrypt data with a financial objective. To defend against zero-day attacks, computer services companies such as Adobe and Microsoft frequently release patches so as to address any vulnerability. Upon release, it is the duty of the user or company to ensure the patches have been run. Organizations can also do frequent checks on their computer systems with the aim of discovering any vulnerabilities, or attacks being perpetrated with the use of these vulnerabilities. Antivirus comparison Antivirus Provider Features Mcfee Mcfee (free) Norton bit defender Firewall Yes Yes Yes Yes antispam Yes Yes Yes Yes parental control NO Yes Yes Yes Backup NO NO Yes no Currently, I use a free antivirus, AVG it has a few features which I admire, and work for me. The antivirus I use is light on the computer. It does not affect the normal operations of the computer, though it extends the switch off time and reboots too. It has capabilities to protect against many forms of malware, including phishing and other malicious attacks, while also having an easy-to-reach support center. It does not have a parental control or backup mechanism, which I think is a disadvantage. I have to run back-up manually, as opposed to Norton which enables this remotely. I would recommend Norton to users. It costs around 50 dollars for an annual subscription. It has several features which I think are great to have on a computer, while the price is not prohibitive. The free Mcfee also comes with several features, all for free. It is important to note that free antivirus has several limitations, especially when it comes to online protection. Again, Norton is best equipped to handle such threats. Blowfish Blowfish has held the reputation as one p0of the few whose code has never been cracked, since it was first launched in 1993. Blowfish has several strengths apart from this. Blowfish is designed to use a 448-bit key. The key can be cracked. However, it would take an impractical amount of resources, including time and equipment to break it. According to some estimates, millions of years would pass before the code is cracked. The only other avenue is trying lucky numbers, which is not an effective method of trying to break the code. By comparison, most browsers use keys which are either 40-bit or 128 bit. While the 128-bit key is considerably strong and hard to break, the 40bit key can be cracked through the use of a personal computer, and within hours. While other block ciphers are patented and sold, Blowfish is free, meaning that it is easier to access and use. This has helped enhance its spread among users around the world. Blowfish has its weaknesses. It is an old code, having been designed in the pre-2000 era. It was not made for some of the modern threats that computer advances have brought about. The creator of the tool has since been able to create a replacement, Twofish. The cipher is more difficult to crack, especially in instances where previous versions of Blowfish, such as the 40 and 64-bit version were susceptible to attack. The cipher is used currently to secure browsers among other security applications. Key Management Life Cycle Key Management Life Cycle diagram Destruction Archival Expiration Rotation Monitoring Deployment Backup CREATION The Key Management Life Cycle includes the steps outlined in the diagram and better annotated below. A key should be valid depending on its length. The longer it is, the longer the lifespan. Both the organization and the user have a shared responsibility to secure the keys. Creation - A key is generated by the key manager or a trusted third party. The attributes of the key are then stored in a special database, which is also encrypted. A keys activation happens automatically or manually, or it can be timed to activate at a point in time. Backup This involves storing a copy of the key in case of future loss or other instances. The process also includes encryption and storage. Deployment Deployment refers to the time when the key is being applied to secure the device in question. Prior to deployment, the key is additionally tested to ensure operations are compatible with other system properties, and avoid data loss or theft. Monitoring Monitoring the key is necessary to assess its success for the role it is supposed to perform. Rotation During rotation, the key encrypts all the data it should, this process is intensive and very important. Expiration Key rotation completion may signal the start of the end for use of the key. This also depends on the life cycle of encrypted information. Highly sensitive data also force keys to be in operation for a shorter time. Archival Archival of the key happens after it has been expired. This is done to for record keeping and for future instances when the encrypted information may be needed Removal form service the life of a key ends when it is destroyed, deleted or terminated. Network Firewall Comparison Fortinet Cisco FireEye Rule-based or application-aware Application-aware Application-aware Application-aware stateless or stateful filtering stateless stateless stateful Content filtering yes yes no IDS/IPS IPS IDS IDS Costs 1195 1500 9600 In view of the information outlined below, Cisco may be the best buy. It has a recognized name in the market and offers competent support. While FireEye also does the same, its price range is too high; though it could also be attributed to the value it brings the user, in terms of enhanced security, ease of use and ability to understand t more swiftly than the other two options. Case Project 8-5: Cloud Computing Benefits Cloud computing benefits Cloud computing is becoming more common in organizations. It allows for efficiency, while saving costs, especially since organizations no longer need to have physical servers to store and process information Vendors features and costs Vendor IaaS PaaS SaaS Storage Amazon EC2 (Elastic Cloud Compute) Amazon Web Services* Amazon Web Services* S3 (Simple Storage Service) Google n/a Google App Engine (Python, Java, Go) Google Aps Google Cloud Storage HP Enterprise Services Cloud Compute Cloud Application Delivery HP Software as a Service Enterprise Services Cloud Compute IBM SmartCloud Enterprise SmartCloud Application Services SaaS products SmartCloud Enterprise object storage Cloud computing and storage of learning material Cloud computing and storage can be applied in the storage and processing of academic material such as lectures and notes. The information would be quickly accessed by both lecturers and the students through protected accounts to the system. Cloud computing is feasible in this case because it may not be possible to store the information locally and have students access it through an intranet or specific computers. It is therefore important for the school to enhance efficiency by adopting cloud computing.

Winkel vs. Family Health Care free essay sample

End Chapter Questions Chapter 9 9. 4 – Business Ethics: Winkel vs. Family Health Care FHC entered a written employee contract to provide certain benefits to Winkel. During the period of the contractual agreement, both parties entered into a modified oral agreement of the written contract. The agreement was that FHC would pay a higher salary and give a profit – share bonus. FHC gave Winkel the increase in salary a year later, but did not give in the profit-share. 1. Does Winkel receive the profit sharing bonus? Yes!Because in the State that this contract is performed under, Winkel is entitled to the profit share bonus. The original written contract states nothing about the raise or profit-share. Unfortunately because FHC went into an oral modification of the written contract which is permitted in the State, FHC must hold to its oral obligation. 2. Did Dr. Vranich of FHC act ethically in raising the defense that the contract was not in writing? No! Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Winkel vs. Family Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vranich did act ethically by owning up to one part of the oral modification in paying Winkel the higher salary.By executing one portion of the oral modification she maybe felt she did not have to execute the other portion. Dr. Vranich did not act ethically in raising this defense because an oral modification was made and partially executed which in the State that this occurred allows an executed oral agreement. Chapter 10 10. 7 – Implied Terms When considering the case of Cerdes vs. Wright, we have a situation where implied terms can be involved. What makes this case implied is because we are dealing with a modern contract that allows certain situations of the contract to be somewhat flexible.In this case, Cerdes is suing Wright for breach of contract. Cerdes did not finish the job in enough time that was suitable for Wright. Therefore Wright proceeded to hire other service to complete the job. Due to the fact that time was the purpose of the change in contractors, implied terms can be enforced. The length of time that should be assumed in this case if not stated in the contract should be based on the job and how long it should typically take for a construction of a house. You would be able to determine this by an average number of homes that size being built.If the Cerdes is discovered to have taken too much time, then he should not be awarded the full amount of the contract. Chapter 11 11. 4 Preexisting Duty In this case a contract has been constructed to Gough to provide certain things in the construction of a shoe store. After Gough completed the task, the next day the project fell apart. Even though the contractor told Gough to comeback and rebuild the project and also would pay, Gough may not be allowed to recover his money. The reason for this is because the original contract stated that they were responsible for all of the Labor!!!Therefore because it was a preexisting duty the initial contract is what is considered. Chapter 13 13. 1 – Unilateral mistake In the Case of Steele vs. Goettee, Goettee signed a contract handing over an estate that was estimated at a certain square footage. It was revealed that there was a Big mistake in the estimation of the property. This has caused the value of the offer to go up and now the Steele family is suing. Because this is a matter where there was a miscalculation in numbers and it also would be a steal if this contract had went through, the estate holder can rescind the contract.

Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide The WritePass Journal

Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide Introduction: Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide Introduction:Definition:Cellular sources:Biomaterials:Sterilization methods:Pre-clinical trials:Biomechanical culture:Commercialized products:Challenges:Conclusion:REFERENCES:Related Introduction: Valvular heart valve disease caused a major problem worldwide, result in increasing rate of morbidity and mortality (Rashid et al., 2004). Each of the four valves of heart can be affected by dysfunction (Mol et al., 2009). The common solution is the replacement of diseased valves either mechanical or bioprostheses. However, they are associated with shortcoming. Patients with mechanical valves are associated with long term of anticoagulation therapy which leads in higher risk of complications (Hjortnaes et al., 2009).   Bioprosthetic valves are less durable, enable to grow and repair and lead to calcification. Moreover, they are associated with reoperation especially with young patients. None of these valves are capable to restore native valves functions.   To overcome replacement shortage of heart valve, in the mid of 1980s in the USA, tissue engineering concept was proposed as alternative solution and has the capability to produce autologous heart valves (Matsumura, 2003). Definition: Tissue engineering of heart valves is manipulation of biological molecules and cells for the purpose of creating new structures capable of metabolic activity. (Vesely, 2005). Approaches: Worldwide, two main approaches have been used to achieve the desirable and clinical needs of heart valves; regeneration and repopulation (Vesely, 2005). In the first approach, decellularized xenograft (ECM proteins; collagen or fibrin) or allograft served as valve biological scaffold, mixed with autologous cells (myofibroblast and endothelial) has been seeded in vitro (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006), (Neuenschwander, 2004). However, limitations of this approach are; the construct lack the ability to grow, long term mechanical properties could alter physical properties of the native valves and a possibility of disease transmission (Neuenschwander, 2004). Moreover, inflammatory reaction due to ECM proteins used may deteriorate the scaffold result in biomechanical damage (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). A biodegradable synthetic scaffold is the traditional approach in which cells of a specific phenotype are transplanted onto a bioresorbable scaffold in the shape of heart valves (Vesely, 2005).These biocompatible materials offer several advantages; Due to degradation products, they have neither side effects nor immunogenic reactions.   They are harmless and easy to handle. At the site of implantation, the remaining autologous living structures after complete biodegradation of the scaffolds have the ability to remodel, to adapt and to grow (Neuenschwander, 2004). The danger of the transmission of new infections and immunogenic reactions is minor as a result of utilization of autologous cells which lead to identical bioengineered tissues to host cells (Neuenschwander, 2004). Extracellular matrix material is formed by the cells after attachment and the polymer scaffold degrades (Fuchs et al., 2001). As shown in (Shinoka et al., 1995) mixed cell population of endothelial cells and from ovine arteries were isolated and separated from each other by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. An acetylated low-density lipoprotein marker was used to label endothelial cells. Myofibroblasts were seeded onto polyglycolic acid scaffolds which then seeded with endothelial cells. Before new tissues being regenerated, the degrading scaffold cannot tolerate pressures of the left ventricle (Vesely, 2005). Therefore, the constructs were implanted in sheep in place of the native right posterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve.   This approach results in trivial pulmonary regurgitation in autografts but moderate in allografts and doesn’t show stenosis (Shinoka et al., 1995). Repopulation is the less popular approach. Complex structure (collagen) is fabricated by manipulating biological molecules.   Prior to implanting, cleaning off the porcine aortic valve from cells is required, and leaving intact the connective tissue matrix. Then, the acellular matrix of the patients cells is repopulated, stimulated and thus result in creating a living tissue resemble to the native tissue (Vesely, 2005). Cellular sources: In tissue engineered valve applications, mesenchymal stem cells and differentiated tissue-specific cells (including circulating endothelial progenitor cells or smooth muscle cells) are the two main types used. They are harvested from either patients or experimental animals (Vesely, 2005). Stem cells along with the appropriate matrix are expected to provide a broader source of either autologous or allogenic cell lines once differentiated to the proper end point. Thus, they are beneficial for therapeutic use in the cardiovascular field (Vesely, 2005). Animals’ tissues such as canine and pigs are conducting in a research with variability in successful implantation.   Mesenchymal stem cells for TE of ECM scaffolds have been obtained from canine tissues. Also, due to presence of type 1 and IV collagen and fibronectin, ECM from pig’s tissues showed ability to grow to a single layer (Rashid et al., 2004). In most approaches, veins (saphenous vein) or peripheral arteries (radial artery, mammary artery) are efficient sources of cells. Mixed vascular cell populations give rise to myofibroblast and endothelial cells lines. myofibroplasts derived from arteries show decreased proliferation in monolayer culture and ECM formation when cultivated on three dimensional structure compared to cells obtained from veins (Neuenschwander, 2004). Another promising alternative source of heart valves can be derived from progenitor cells derived from peripheral blood and bone marrow cells (mesenchymal stem cells). MSC can be differentiated into different tissues, are easy to obtain, shows high proliferating capacity in vitro and faster growing than vascular derived cells. They produce well developed ECM after cultivation under bio-mimetic conditions (Neuenschwander, 2004). Biomaterials: There are two principal choices of scaffold; naturally or synthetic polymeric scaffolds. Exogenous ECM scaffolds are required to provide mechanical support until the target newly tissue is formed and become stable. Designing is based on the target cells population needed to implant at the injury or diseased sites. In vivo, they are degraded alongside the implanted functionally tissues grow and organize their matrix structure (Kim et al., 2010). Non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds serve as a temporary matrix for the seeded cells due to their own a highly porous microstructure that supply nutrients required for growth and necessary for waste removal. They possess structural integrity to withstand in vitro and in vivo loading. The most widely used in HVE are polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA) and their copolymers (PGLA). PGA is highly resorbable, linear, a highly crystalline and have a high melting point. PLA reduce the rate of hydrolysis and have limited water uptake. In all of that, to facilitate tissue growth, growth factors are integrated in the scaffold. However, a number of disadvantages must be overcome; slow or incomplete degradation that cause inflammation, limited nutrients and oxygen delivery to deep cells and fibrosis (scar) occupied the space formed after scaffold degradation (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Natural scaffold composed of decellularized xenograft or allograft tissue or ECM components such as collagen or fibrin (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Fibrin gel scaffold can be designed into a valve structure to form a biodegradable, autologous scaffold.   Blood is the source of fibrin gel and mould into autologous manner to work against immunogenicity. Seeding cells into fibrin scaffold results in good tissue development with viable fibroblast. However, fibrin scaffold would lack mechanical strength (Knight, 2004). Furthermore, in a process similar to the contraction of a wound healing, cells entrapped in collagen gels compact the gel, improve their property and increase density (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). But, any scaffold made from collagen alone would like to degenerate very quickly due to in vivo forces affected heart valves (Knight, 2004). Moreover, hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan polymer with a repeating disaccharide structure and being used as biocompatible material ECM scaffold. It imparts viscoelastic properties and applies pressure that gives tissues compressive resistance (Vesely, 2005). Sterilization methods: Several methods are used to sterile materials utilized in process of seeding and tissue harvesting. 1) Dry heat sterilization in which items are placed in an oven for one hour at 160T to be sterilized by dry heat. 2) Moist heat sterilization is used to autoclave objects and solutions not suitable for dry heat sterilization for 20 minutes at 121 T, 15 pounds per square inch (psi). 3) 0.2ptm filters are used to sterilize solutions not suitable for autoclaving (Knight, 2004). Pre-clinical trials: Animal model is an essential part of biomedical research to approve tissue engineered devices by FDA in order to carry on clinical trials. Using animal tissues as sources relies on many factors; cost, ethical considerations, availability and the nature of the tested tissue. In Zilla study (Zilla et al., 1994), baboons were used to study the proliferation of seeding (endothelial cells) EC on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. Compared to the control of unseeded graft, seeded graft showed persistent confluent EC layer through time with the aid of fibrin glue enriched with RGD (Zilla et al., 1994). Due to similar anatomy and physiology to that of humans, pigs have been used widely for experimental study. Also, they are cooperative without general anesthesia. They are capable of rabid growth so limiting the time required for TE construct (Rashid et al., 2004). Biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold was treated by sodium hydroxide and modified seeded bovine SMC and EC were used by Niklason and co-workers in after 24 days of implantation in swine model. Ovine and caprine are also models to study TE due to large size and easy access to the carotid artery in the long neck. They can be used for long term study because adult animal can’t grow (Rashid et al., 2004). In a number of researches, sheep model was used widely but ordained for failure as a result of exuberant fibrotic response to implants (Vesely, 2005). Compared to humans, implants grow rapidly with fibrotic tissue in sheep (Schoen, 2011). In preclinical testing, the choice of animal model is a challenge owing to immunologic considerations (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Biomechanical culture: Various parameters determine the optimal conditioning protocols; the scaffold, the magnitude and types of mechanical cues, the sensitivity of cell to the used scaffolds. Bioreactors in TEHV have been developed to improve tissue formation, organization and functions and to stimulate dynamic mechanical of the TEHV. Moreover, to mimic native excitation-contraction coupling, electrical stimulation has been used. Additionally, to mimic the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle, a diastolic pulse duplicator bioreactor has been developed which result in dynamic tissue straining (Sacks et al., 2009). Commercialized products: In October 2000, CE Mark approved use of the CryoLife Synergraft. It was similar to decellularization matrix approach by removing cellular antigens using extraction and dissolution. It was expected to sound mechanically as acellular matrix. Unfortunately, complications related to stenosis, inflammation and valve rupture result in death and thus withdrew from the market (Vesely, 2005). Challenges: Till date, no EHV constructs have been commercialized. Before translation of the construct to patients, numerous steps must be considered and assured laboratory.   For example; ethical issues, safety, efficacy and quality of the product should be evaluated. Additionally, medical devices interactions results such as; thrombosis, infection and inflammation will have to be accepted. There is a need to develop tools to monitor the fate of transplanted and endogenous cells, biomarkers to evaluate the patients variability to implantation. in all of that, suitable approach is required that ensure efficiency and safety (Schoen, 2011). Conclusion: Three main issues determine the success of tissue engineered heart valve; 1) sources of cells, 2) the (matrix) scaffold that serves as a guiding structure and determines the three dimensional shapes of tissue development and cell attachment and 3) the optimal culturing condition for cell growth. State of art of TEHV today is still on research, significant challenges must be solved before start in clinical application. REFERENCES: FUCHS, J. R., NASSERI, B. A. VACANTI, J. P. 2001. Tissue engineering: a 21st century solution to surgical reconstruction. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 72, 577-591. HJORTNAES, J., BOUTEN, C. V. C., VAN HERWERDEN, L. A., GRUNDEMAN, P. F. KLUIN, J. 2009. Translating autologous heart valve tissue engineering from bench to bed. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 15, 307-317. KIM, B. S., PARK, I. K., HOSHIBA, T., JIANG, H. L., CHOI, Y. J., AKAIKE, T. CHO, C. S. 2010. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Progress in Polymer Science. KNIGHT, R. L. 2004. Development of methods for the tissue engineering of cardiac valves using mesenchymal stem cells. MATSUMURA, G. 2003. Successful application of tissue engineered vascular autografts: clinical experience. Biomaterials, 24, 2303-2308. MENDELSON, K. SCHOEN, F. J. 2006. Heart Valve Tissue Engineering: Concepts, Approaches, Progress, and Challenges. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 34, 1799-1819. MOL, A., SMITS, A. I. P. M., BOUTEN, C. V. C. BAAIJENS, F. 2009. Tissue engineering of heart valves: advances and current challenges. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 6, 259-275. NEUENSCHWANDER, S. 2004. Heart valve tissue engineering. Transplant Immunology, 12, 359-365. RASHID, S. T., SALACINSKI, H. J., HAMILTON, G. SEIFALIAN, A. M. 2004. The use of animal models in developing the discipline of cardiovascular tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials, 25, 1627-1637. SACKS, M. S., SCHOEN, F. J. MAYER JR, J. E. 2009. Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 11, 289-313. SCHOEN, F. J. 2011. Heart valve tissue engineering: quo vadis? Current Opinion in Biotechnology. SHINOKA, T., BREUER, C. K., TANEL, R. E., ZUND, G., MIURA, T., MA, P. X., LANGER, R., VACANTI, J. P. MAYER, J. E. 1995. Tissue engineering heart valves: valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 60, S513-S516. VESELY, I. 2005. Heart valve tissue engineering. Circulation research, 97, 743. ZILLA, P., PREISS, P., GROSCURGH, P., Rà ¶SEMEIER, F., DEUTSCH, M., ODELL, J., HEIDINGER, C., FASOL, R. VON OPPELL, U. 1994. In vitro-lined endothelium: initial integrity and ultrastructural events. Surgery, 116, 524-534.

Bric Countries India Opportunities And Challenges Economics Essay

Bric Countries India Opportunities And Challenges Economics Essay India has now become the tenth largest economy in the world however it needs to engage more dynamically with the other emerging economies to move up the ladder in realising her dream to become one of the leading economic powers in the world. The world is looking at India due to her impressive economic growth. India being the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity attracts large FDI in different sectors. All these coupled with economic reforms undertaken in 1991 by Narsinhma Rao government, has made India the second fastest growing economy in the world  . Thus to become economic power India needs to accelerate its economic reforms and take further steps to overcome institutional and infrastructural bottlenecks. 35. There has been increase in the share of industries over the years however the revival of manufacturing sector is the reason for rapid growth in GDP. India has become one of the favourite destinations for IT, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, automobile, consumer goods etc. As per the recent reports   [ 14 ]   published, India has pulled ahead of China to lead the Forbes list of best countries for new jobs. However the potential to engage with other BRIC countries to fuel her economic growth have not yet fully exploited. There is a requirement for India to move beyond cosmetic ties & forge strong cooperation in fields of trade, IT sector, energy, science and technology and defense and space technology sector to enable mutual benefit of all countries in the group and fuel her economic growth. 36. As per the Goldman Sachs report   [ 15 ]   India will be the third largest economy in the world and by 2030, when it will outperform Japanese economy. To realise this dream, India needs to improve its rural infrastructure such as electricity, roads, irrigation and transport to generate employment and should also at the same time invest heavily in social infrastructure. The de-regulation of economy, simplification of procedures and r elaxation of entry barriers for business activities is must for further growth in FDI. The urgent need to improve infrastructure in rural areas for its development so that it not only participates in the growth of the country but also adds to it.   [ 16 ]    Brazil 37. Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the eighth largest in the world, based on nominal GDP and ninth largest by purchasing power parity. Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with an average growth rate of 5 %. As per Goldman Sachs report Brazil will become one of the five largest economies in the world in the times to come, thus becoming one of the most sought after industrial destination. Brazil is member of various economic organizations. At present its 60 % of exports consist mostly of manufactured or semi manufactured goods. Its main trade partners as per recent reports are Latin America (25.9 %), EU (23.4 %), Asia (18.9 %), the United States (14.0 %), and others (17.8 %). Brazil has a broad base in the sophisticated technological sector that ranges from automobile, petrochemicals, fertilizers, submarines, aircrafts, space research and also a pioneer in many fields, including deep water oil research, ethanol production and blending.   [ 17 ]   Thus it offers great opportunities for India to get into economic and trade ties to exploit potential of Brazil and thus further increasing the mutual trade which has not yet reached the desired level.   [ 18 ]

Collaborative writing Assignment against Euthanasia Essay

Collaborative writing Assignment against Euthanasia - Essay Example Besides, there are critical aspects of medical profession that need to be taken into consideration as far as doctor’s role in physician-assisted suicide is concerned (Jeffrey 76-8). The society put their trust on doctors as having moral responsibility of keeping the patients in state of life in line with their Hippocratic Oath. There are several arguments that attract the opposition against Euthanasia that seems real if given critical analysis. Legalizing euthanasia will create a legal loophole that can be misused by the doctors in regard to physician-assisted suicide. One such legal aspect is possible â€Å"slippery slope† from the process of euthanasia to murder. This will particularly target the poor and disabled people who may not sustain prolonged medical monitoring condition and expensive medical bills. The principle of life requires sustained help and medical support to an individual with the cardinal goal of saving life. In this respect, the aspect of socio-economic ability is not considered (Kopelman 87-9). However, in reality medical cost for some conditions requires funds which may exhaust a family and render the hospital or doctors financially incapacitated to continue offering services. For the poor and the handicap, this may compel the doctors to initiate physician-assisted suicide as a way of eliminating the cost factor. There is possible legal incentive that this doctor’s right may create to the insurance firms that may resort to termination of life with the aim of saving money. This is unfair and highly unethical in line with the common moral tenets of businesses practices and medical code of ethics. The aspect of deliberate killing of the poor and the disabled if this practice is legalized evokes the concept of Ethics which can effectively convince the proponents to think otherwise. According to Jeffrey (pg.20), â€Å"Clearly, it would be unwise to give doctors the power to issue lethal prescriptions for the