Abe Lincoln Essay Example For Students

Abe Lincoln Essay Abraham Lincolns death was a noxious closure of an as of now bitterand angry occasion in American history, the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth and hisgroup of co-schemers created designs in the pre-fall of 1864 to onlykidnap the President and take him the Confederate capital of Richmond and holdhim as a byproduct of Confederate detainees of war. Corners gathering of conspirators:Samuel Arnold, Michael OLaughlen, John Surratt, Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt,David Herold, and Mary Surratt (Johns spouse), made arrangements on March 17, 1865, tocapture Lincoln, who was planned to see a play at an emergency clinic in the outskirtsof Washington. In any case, Lincoln changed plans and stayed in the capital(Booth 98) On April 9, 1865, General Lee gave up to GeneralGrant at Appomattox. After two days Lincoln conveyed a discourse before theWhite House to a gathering that had accumulated outside. Stall, being available in thisgroup, heard Lincoln propose that specific democratic rights ought to be a llowed to theblacks. Incensed, being a supremacist, Booths designs presently abandoned thekidnapping of Lincoln to his death (Lewis, Neely 115) Three days beforehis death Lincoln recounted a fantasy he had to his significant other and one of hisfriends, Ward Hill Lamon. As indicated by Lamon, the President stated: Aboutten days prior, I resigned extremely late. I had been sitting tight for some importantdispatches from the front. I was unable to have been long in bed when I fell into aslumber, for I was tired. I before long started to dream. There appeared to be a passing likestillness about me. At that point I heard curbed cries, as though various individuals wereweeping. I thought I left my bed and meandered first floor. There the quietness wasbroken by the equivalent melancholy wailing, however the grievers were undetectable. I went fromroom to room; not a single living individual was to be found, yet the equivalent sorrowful sounds ofdistress met me as I went along. I saw light in all the rooms; each objectwas natural to me; however where were all the individuals who were lamenting as though theirhearts would break? I was bewildered and frightened. What could be the significance of allthis? Resolved to discover the reason for the situation so baffling andshocking, I kept on until I showed up at the East Room, which I entered. There Imet a nauseating shock. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpsewrapped in burial service vestments. Around it were positioned officers who were actingas watchmen; and there was a crowd of individuals, looking forlornly upon the corpse,whose face was secured, others sobbing miserably. Who is dead in the WhiteHouse? I requested of one of the fighters, The President, was hisanswer; he was slaughtered by a professional killer. At that point came a noisy eruption of misery fromthe crows, which woke me from my fantasy. I dozed no more that night; and althoughit was just a fantasy, I have been abnormally irritated by it e versince.((Online) http://members.aol.com) Was it conceivable that PresidentLincoln knew about his death before it really occurred? On the morning ofFriday, April 14, Booth halted by Fords Theater and discovered that PresidentLincoln and General Grant were anticipating going to the night execution ofOur American Cousin. Stall at that point held one last gathering with the backstabbers andsaid he would slaughter Lincoln at the theater, he had discovered that Grant had lefttown. Atzerodt was to slaughter the Vice-President Andrew Johnson at Kirkwood Housewhere he dwelled. Powell and Herold were doled out to slaughter the Secretary of StateWilliam Seward. The two assaults were booked to happen at the same time atapproximately 10:15 p.m. that night. Stall trusted that the subsequent disarray andweakness in the legislature could prompt a rebound for the South (:Lewis, Neely187) At about 7:00 p.m. William H. Law breaker, Lincolns guardian, was relievedthree hours late by John Parker. Park er was advised to be close by at FordsTheatre when the Presidential party arrived. Hoodlum stated, pleasant evening, Mr. .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .postImageUrl , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:hover , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:visited , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:active { border:0!important; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:active , .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5 .focu sed content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua01f8abb27751c237da73d10d62097c5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Walmart internet business operations Essay Lincoln. The President answered, Good-bye, Crook. Concurring toCrook this was a first. Lincoln ALWAYS recently stated, Good night,Crook.(Reck 148) Around 8:00 p.m. the Lincolns went out in astage mentor and continued to get Clara Harris and Major Rathbone. Parker ledthe route into the theater, with the play as of now in progress. When Lincolnentered the acting halted and they played Hail to the Chief. Theaudience rose to their feet and cheered the President. When he was situated inthe state box the play proceeded. Corner showed up at Fords Theater at 9:30 p.m. furnished with a solitary shot derringer and a chasing blade. Joseph Burroughs, a boywho worked at the performance center held his pony in the back rear entryway while Booth went toget a beverage at a close by cantina. He reemerged the venue at 10:07 p.m. andslowly advanced towards the state box. John Parker had quite recently left his post. At about 10:15 p.m., Booth opened the entryway and shot Lincoln in the rear of thehead at close to point-clear range, and battled with Rathbone. Stall stabbedRathbone in the arm and bounced around eleven feet to the stage. At the point when he crashedto the floor he snapped the fibula bone in his left leg. Numerous in the theaterthought they heard him holler Sic Semper Tyrannis, latin for asalways to dictators. Stall flashed his blade to the group and made his wayacross the phase before in excess of 1,000 individuals. It happened so snappy no onehad chance to stop him. Corner got away out the indirect access and left the city (Lewis,Neely 261-263). The other portion of the arrangement to murder Vice-President Johnson andSecretary of State Seward was essentially a disappointment. Atzerodt made no endeavor tokill Johnson, and Powell cut Seward however it neglected to murder him. Heroldescaped from the capital utilizing a similar extension, the Navy Yard Bridge, as BoothThe two met in M aryland and halted quickly around 12 PM in Mary Surrattstavern, where they had supplies prepared to escape toward the South. At around 4:00 a.m. they showed up at the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd who set and supported Boothsbroken leg. Back in Washington, the shot had entered Lincolns head aboutthree crawls behind his left ear and went around seven and a half inches intothe mind. The main specialist to take care of the President was Charles Leale. Heknew right then that the injury was mortal and the President wouldnt be ableto recuperate. Lincolns body was conveyed over the road to the PetersonHouse. Equipped warriors protected the house while a night long passing watch started. Specialists said a normal man with this kind of wound would have kicked the bucket in twohours, Lincoln kept going nine. At 7:22 and 10 seconds a.m. on April 15, 1865President Abraham Lincoln was dead. After becoming aware of the news Secretary of WarEdwin M. Stanton stated, Now he has a place with the ages. Federalauthorities found Booth and Herold at Garretts ranch close to Port Royal,Virginia on the morning of April 26. Covering up in an outbuilding, Herold surrendered, however Boothwould not all that he has lethally shot. Inside days of their catch theco-backstabbers were captured by the administration. All were seen as liable by amilitary court. Mrs. Surratt, Powell, Atzerdot, and Herold were all hanged onJuly 7, 1865. Dr. Mudd, OLaughlin, and Arnold were given life terms inprison. John Surratt fled to Canada and afterward ran away to Europe, where he wascaptured and was attempted in 1867 of every a common court. The jury was halted andSurratt went free. Dr. Mudd and Arnold were completely exonerated by President AndrewJohnson from the get-go in 1869. .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece , .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece .postImageUrl , .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece , .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece:hover , .u70af91e52fd2a02158f7e04823fefece

Locus of control and self-esteem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Locus of control and confidence - Essay Example A drive to achieve and keep up high confidence is probably the most grounded thought process of character. Individuals with high confidence have a constructive picture about themselves while individuals with low confidence have a negative about themselves (Baumeister, 1998). As of late, analyst and other social researchers have moved accentuation on contemplating the character characteristics of understudies. Various scientists have contemplated the connection between confidence and locus of control (Martin, 1978; Liu, Haiyan and Li, 2009). The discoveries of the inquires about proposed that locus of control and confidence has a negative or converse relationship. This implies people having a high locus of control, that is, outside locus on control will have a low confidence. So also, people having a low locus of control, that is, inward locus of control will have a high confidence (Martin, 1978; Liu, Haiyan and Li, 2009). These outcomes are not just predictable in the scholastic field rather specialists examined the relationship of the two factors among various ethnic foundations, financial status, sexual orientation jobs and found similar outcomes (Goodman, Cooley, Sewell and Leavitt, 1994; Harrison, Guy and Lupfer, 1981). The fundamental reason for the exploration is to consider the connection between locus of control and confidence among understudies learning at Marshall Graduate College, Charleston. The examination plans to explore whether understudies having a higher locus of control have a low confidence and the other way around. So as to comprehend the two factors; locus of control and confidence better, the theoretical definitions are introduced. The locus of control is a significant idea of brain research which clarifies how a human sees the occasions that he has experienced in their life. It is considered as a significant piece of an individual’s character as it basically alludes to the manner in which one sees his/her activities and the occasions that his/his life goes through,

How to Write a Bio thats Targeted and Attention-Getting

How to Write a Bio thats Targeted and Attention-Getting You’ve probably heard multiple times that there’s no “one-size-fits-all” resume. But what about bios? Is there a one-size-fits-all bio? My answer is steadfastly, “No.” You need to understand how to write a bio thats targeted to each audience youre addressing, based on that audiences  focus, interests, and needs. I personally have an entire Word document devoted to copious versions of my bio. Each one is geared toward a specific audience. How to Write a Bio for Myself (Brenda Bernstein) The bio that goes along with my How to Make Resume Writing Fun webinar starts as follows: Brenda Bernstein, Certified Master Resume Writer (CMRW), Certified Executive Resume Master (CERM), and accomplished editor and LinkedIn trainer, believes that resume writing does NOT have to be a drag! Notice that the facts about me are resume specific, and I set up my audience to think this presentation will make resume writing more palatable. What if I’m doing a presentation about LinkedIn? Here’s how I craft that bio: Brenda Bernstein is the #1 Amazon-best-selling author of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, now in its 12th edition and recently released in full-color print. A compelling speaker, award-winning businesswoman and top-certified resume writer, Brenda has worked with hundreds of professionals and executives who understand the value of an effective LinkedIn profile. Not surprisingly, the LinkedIn-related bio contains evidence of my LinkedIn expertise and experience. Third, here’s the beginning of my bio, written for a Yale audience where I was giving back-to-back presentations on resume and LinkedIn profile writing: Brenda Bernstein, MC ’91[1], is the author of the #1 Best-Selling e-book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. Now owner and senior editor of The Essay Expert, recovering lawyer (NYU ’98), Certified Master Resume Writer, and sought-after LinkedIn trainer, Brenda began her editing “career” wordsmithing her friends’ articles for the Yale Daily News. As you can see, the audience and the topic inform what I emphasize in each bio. I literally write a new bio every time an organization or website asks me for one! How to Write a Bio for a Client (Tamira Johnelle) Recently, I was fortunate to have the opportunity to write two bios for Tamira Johnelle. You’ll find out more about this sparkling woman in a moment. For now, what I want to convey is the difference in the bios I wrote for her. The first was for a conference for women entrepreneurs. The second was for her website. As you read the bios, look for the emphasis of each and the clear differences, all of which stem from Tamira’s target audience. Women Entrepreneurs Conference Bio: Tamira Johnelle is turning her own weight loss story into one of the fastest-growing businesses of its kind. Her impressive accomplishment of going from size 18 to size 6 in 7 months, while eating dessert every day, is not her only claim to fame. Check out the growth of her following: from 1,639 followers to 11,550 followers in 4 weeks! She has created  a 16-week virtual course as well as a one-on-one coaching program for people struggling with their weight, giving them the blueprint to her success and helping them on their journey to weight  loss freedom. Tamira’s recipe collection of delicious, healthy main dishes and desserts, From a Size 18 to a Size 6 in 7 Months While Eating Dessert Daily, The MAIN DISH EDITION is selling like hotcakes. And people have responded amazingly well to her recipe videos on Facebook Live and Periscope. When you meet this no-nonsense, exuberant entrepreneur, you’ll understand why she is an inspiration to anyone wanting to enjoy both their food and their lives. Website Bio: Tamira Johnelle, who went from a size 18 to a size 6 in 7 months, is an inspiration to anyone who has been struggling with their weight for years and who feels like a failure because of it. Tamira grew up on the American junk food diet. As a girl, she would hide candy under the pillow, and wake up in the middle of the night to eat it. In the morning she woke up hungry for more. This cycle of unhealthy eating was consuming her life. As much as she tried to talk herself out of her patterns, she could not stop these overwhelmingly powerful cravings. This might sound familiar to you. As she grew older, Tamira wrestled with her weight, going on unrealistic diets she couldnt keep. Eat salads all day? Are you kidding? Tamira was not about to give up desserts foreverâ€"but she did want to be healthy and look great in a size 6 dress. She knew there must be a better way to get amazing and sustainable weight loss results. One important step was learning how to cook. Tamira is self-taught and in 7 years has come  up with a whole cookbook full of recipes that completely satisfy and that will stop your junk food cravings.  Here are just a few of the delicious items you’ll find in From a Size 18 to a Size 6 in 7 Months While Eating Dessert Daily, The MAIN DISH EDITION: Tasty, Satisfying Entrees: Slow Cooker BBQ Pulled Chicken, Salmon Cakes, Black Bean Avocado Quesadillas Desserts that Won’t Have You Thinking about Junk Food All Day: Turmeric-Lemon Kidney Bean Cake, Maple-Cayenne Cookies, Maple-Pineapple-Lime Sorbet But recipes will only get you 20% there. Tamira has developed an entire lifestyle that has helped her and others get and keep the weight off through positive affirmations, healthy meals, exercise and a host of other methods. She has created  a 16-week virtual course as well as a one-on-one coaching program for people struggling with their own weight, giving them the blueprint to her success and helping them on their journey to weight  loss freedom. [This bio is followed by four compelling success stories.] What do you notice about these bios? Do you see how Tamira’s entrepreneurial successes, which are highlighted in the conference bio, would be inappropriate on her website? They would turn people off. But the entrepreneurs want to know about this stuff because they want the same kind of success. And notice how her own longer story, the details of her recipes, and her clients’ weight loss successes, which are key to her persona on her website, take a back seat in a bio for an audience of entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs couldn’t care less about the client with lupus whose inflammation all but disappeared in two weeks. How to Write a Bio for Yourself! Do you have a bio at the ready to send out whenever you’re asked for one? If you do, take a moment before pressing “send” to make sure you’ve tailored the bio to your audience. There’s no one-size-fits-all bio! And if you need help with how to write a bio, The Essay Expert will be happy to help! Check out our bio writing packages. [1] Morse College, a residential college at Yale, and my graduating year (1991).

The Religion Of Matthew Lewis s The Monk - 1225 Words

Perversion of Religion in Matthew Lewis’s The Monk Matthew Lewis’s The Monk, published in 1796, depicts the Catholic Church in Madrid as the victim of religious perversion caused by the pride and lust of its leaders. The events of the novel, including the monk Ambrosio’s surrender to temptation, leading to the rape and murder of innocent Antonia, as well as Agnes’s imprisonment by the vain Prioress of St. Clare’s Convent, serve to emphasize the lack of true religious devotion in the city of Madrid. However, despite the shocking events of the novel, the city had already fallen prey to temptation, and had ultimately strayed from the path of the Church long before these new atrocities took place. Ambrosio, though he has taken a vow of†¦show more content†¦Pride is one of the most common sins committed in The Monk. There are very few characters in the novel that escape this particular blemish to their personality. Early in the novel, Lewis describes the inhabitants of the church, saying, â€Å"the Women came to show themselves, the Men to see the Women,† (7). Thus, although the natives of Madrid have come to mass, they came for the wrong reason; their pride drives most of their actions. Antonia’s aunt, Leonella, is particularly prey to her prideful nature, despite her age. As she returns from mass with Antonia, she tells the girl, â€Å"the very moment I produced myself in Madrid, I knew that I should be surrounded by Admirers.† This example of Leonella’s vanity, humorous to the reader because of the woman s appearance in comparison to that of her beautiful niece, is very quickly criticized. Upon the woman’s encounter with the gypsy as she returned from mass, Leonella was nearly â€Å"choaked with passion† as she listened to the stranger’s mocking advice to â€Å"lay aside/ your paint and patches.† Even the nuns in the Convent of St. Clare are not immune to pride. When Theodore, disguised as a beggar, attempts to gain access into the Convent, Lewis states, â€Å"his feigned timidity flattered the vanity of the Nuns,† (284); he gains a place in theirShow MoreRelatedWrite an Essay on the Relationship Between Frankenstein and the Creature, and Compare/Contrast Their Relationship with That Exhibited Between Two Other Characters in One Other Text.2328 Words   |  10 PagesVictor Frankenstein and The Monster he created will be discussed, by analysing both characters relationship to each other before detailing the effects this relationship had, on the others actions and how it led to their eventual downfall. In Matthew Lewis’ The Monk the relationship between Ambrosio and Matilda w ill be analysed and then compared to the aforementioned relationship in Frankenstein in order to highlight any similarities or differences in Ambrosios’ fall from grace as opposed to Victors. 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The Social Science Perspectives Of Sociologists And Social...

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Gate Sample Application Form Free Essays

Zone/Scrutiny Code By Registered Post/Speed Post Only 6NP To GATE 2013 Chairman GATE Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, 721302 From Nifal Rasheed Adam AN KHOSLA HALL OF RESIDENCE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR NEAR DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, OPPOSITE CMPDI SAMANTAPURI, BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 148 J 871 Y 99380 59870 (Mobile No. ) Cut Here Instructions to the Applicant (GATE 2013) 1. This print out should contain the following pages. We will write a custom essay sample on Gate Sample Application Form or any similar topic only for you Order Now (a) This page: Address Slip and Instructions. (b) Application form, filled with the information you provided online. c) Bank Challan in Triplicate (available as a separate file for download from the GATE Online Application Interface), if you have chosen Offline Challan Payment (Not applicable for female candidates). 2. On the GATE copy of the Application Form, paste a 4. 5cm x 3. 5cm printed copy of the SAME color photograph you uploaded online. (a) Use good quality glue to ensure that the photograph does not separate from the application. (b) Do not pin, stapple, sign, or attest the photograph. 3. Read the declaration and put your signature in the box next to it. 4. If you are in the final year or you have a backlog after appearing for the final year exam, you must get your Principal’s or HOD’s sign and seal in the last portion of the application form. Submit the whole form to the Principal’s office without cutting it. 5. If you have opted for Challan payment, wait for 48 hours after your online submission to visit the bank’s branch. You can visit any branch of the bank printed on your challan. 6. The bank teller will verify the details printed on the challan with the data available on their computer and then accept the payment. The bank will retain one copy and give you back the remaining copies: one of which you have to send along with the printed application form and the other is for your reference. 7. Mailing Documents to GATE office. (a) Cut the Address Slip and paste it onto an A4 sized envelope (Do not fill address by hand or tamper the address slip). (b) Collect the supporting documents shown under Enclosure Checklist in the application form (if you have uploaded the soft copy of the documents online, you need not send a hard copy). Mark the check list boxes. (c) Do NOT FOLD the application form and Do NOT STAPLE or pin the documents to the form. d) Send the packet by Speed Post (preferably) or by Registered Post to the address mentioned. The application packet should REACH the respective GATE office on or before Monday, 8 October 2012. Note: Application ID – 148 J 871 Y. You should preserve this number for further correspondence. Zone/Scrutiny Code 6NP 148 J 871 Y (Full Name of Applicant) GAT E 2013 Application Form Applicant’s recent photograph 4. 5 cm x 3. 5 cm (Application ID) Nifal Rasheed Adam 148 J 871 Y 20 Aug 1990 (D. O. B) Male (Name of Parent) OBC-NC Do not Attest Do not sign on photo Indian National P Abdul Rasheed Communication Address AN KHOSLA HALL OF RESIDENCE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR NEAR DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, OPPOSITE CMPDI SAMANTAPURI, BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 India GATE Exam Details ME (GATE Paper code) Bhubaneswar, OR (Exam City 1) Cuttack, OR (Exam City 2) Scribe Assistance Required: nifaladamiit@gmail. com 99380 59870 (Mobile No. ) No Qualification Details B. Tech Mechanical Engg. Graduated: No, Year of Graduation: 2013 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 Zonal GATE Office Contact Chairman GATE Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, 721302 Payment Details Online Rs. 1200. 00 MSBI2813789700 21/09/2012 I hereby declare that all the particulars stated in this application form are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. I have read the Information Brochure and I shall abide by the terms and conditions therein. In the event of suppression or distortion of any fact in my application form, I understand that I will be denied the opportunity to appear in GATE 2013. Further, if any suppression or distortion of facts is found after appearing in the exam, any admission/degree acquired on the basis of GATE 2013 score is liable to be cancelled. Digital Fingerprint: b16140f109c2622e796613acd26a33dc Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Applicant’s signature inside the box in black ink Principal Certificate (For use as the eligibility certificate only for final year or backlog applicants) This is to certify that Nifal Rasheed Adam is a student enrolled in INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR, BHUBANESWAR. He is a student of the final year of B. Tech. He appeared in the final semester/year exam of the above degree, but has a backlog to be cleared from an earlier semester/year, and therefore cannot produce a course completion certificate. Date: Signature of Principal/ HOD Seal How to cite Gate Sample Application Form, Papers

What recommendations could you give to Paynes to improve the marketing mix of Poppets Essay Example

What recommendations could you give to Paynes to improve the marketing mix of Poppets? Essay Secondary aims: Product: * Find out which flavours should be added/taken away from the current range. * Find how the packaging could be changed to make the product more appealing. We will write a custom essay sample on What recommendations could you give to Paynes to improve the marketing mix of Poppets? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What recommendations could you give to Paynes to improve the marketing mix of Poppets? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What recommendations could you give to Paynes to improve the marketing mix of Poppets? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Price: * Find out what customers think of the current price. * Which gender thinks that Poppets are over-priced, as compared to the other? Place: * Find out the most popular point of sale for products such as Poppets * Find out where most 15-18 year olds buy their chocolate products. Promotion: * Find out which types of promotion are effective. * Make specific suggestions and give examples of how promotion should be developed. * Concentrate on the 15-18 age group, and which advertising works best to encourage them to buy the product. How aim will be achieved: Desk and field research will be carried out, to ensure that enough data is available and that it is of a high variety. This will mean getting a relatively large sample to be surveyed, and collecting a lot of secondary data. A small focus group will be used to gather data about the product and its packaging, as well as the web-site. Data Gathering The most important research obtained was the primary data gathered through field research. This was the data from the questionnaire. All students of Business Studies in Year 10 had to survey at least 10 people with an identical questionnaire (set by the board). All of the results were then entered into a database, giving everybody a very large sample (665 completed questionnaires). This database could then be interrogated to show trends throughout the results. Another source of primary data was obtained by interrogating a focus group into their views on many aspects of Poppets marketing. The focus group consisted of the following people: * 1 Male in 18+ age range * 2 Females in 18+ age range * 1 Male in 15-18 age range Details of opinions, which were obtained from this focus group, are included in the sections relevant to the information obtained. Secondary data was obtained primarily from research into the Poppets advertising schemes. Television advertisements for the Poppets range of products were viewed, and the web site was visited and downloaded. Looking at the promotion of Poppets was my main method for finding out their sales strategy, as the advertising the company employs shows clearly their target audience. Advantages / Disadvantages of secondary research: There are some problems with the methodology used to obtain data and to analyse it. The database was compiled by people who lived in London, so practically no data was obtained from other areas within the United Kingdom. Also the sample was not huge, as it contained the data from about 650 people. Although this is a relatively large number, it would not do for a serious market research attempt. Using a database to record all the results is an advantage of the methodology, as it means we can get all sorts of data, and trace trends among consumers. Appendix A houses the questionnaire used to collect primary data. Appendix B houses the main secondary data found (web-site material). Background: The company which makes Poppets is called Paynes (full name is George Payne Company), and has been around since 17th April 1896). However, Poppets have been made since 1937. Before then, the company specialized in blending tea and coffee, and later cocoa. Recently however (1998), Paynes was bought by a large corporation called Northern Foods. All the raw materials are refined on the Paynes site, so Paynes has total control over the production of all its goods (apparently). Poppets used to look very different to how they appear now. The packaging back in the early days was very boring and bland, and we have a photograph of very early Poppets packaging. The packaging we can see on the left is completely different and is very plain compared to the vivid colours, which appear on the current packaging. Poppets promotion always has very bright colours, and has a slightly retro feel. We can see examples of this in the above packaging, and in images from the Poppets.com web site, as shown below: The language used to promote Poppets is for younger people, and is an attempt to be very retro. For instance, the Poppets.com web site constantly refers to viewers as suckers, and the characters believe themselves to be the slickest Poppet eating people you will ever see!!! They are apparently the funkiest, coolest people on out world and we are invited to enter the funky world of Poppets. This is hardly the sort of language most adults would feel particularly drawn to, which highlights the fact that Poppets is targeting a relatively young audience (about 12-18). Promotion: Promotion is a very important aspect of marketing, as it will have a very big impact on the number of sales achieved, and therefore the future of the products and the company. Promotion basically means advertising, but not just in the most obvious sense. It also considers packaging, the logos and graphics a company uses to get people to recognise it. Branding is also part of promotion. If a genuinely good product is backed up by good promotion, a strong brand name will be created, and a good reputation will follow. Word of mouth will then be an important form of advertising and promotion in itself. In fact, many consider word-of-mouth to be the most important form of advertising, as people are more likely to believe their friends/colleagues than claims on television adverts. But to get this going, a strong promotional strategy is needed from the start the product becomes available, and in some cases even earlier (some products become successful due to excitement from consumers alrea dy around before the product was released). This of course not something Poppets can try. But Poppets do have to consider advertising and packaging, and their web-site. Their promotion is not as strong as some competitors (like Cadburys), so to improve the marketing mix, promotion needs to be looked at in detail and changed. First it is important to know how many consumers have had experience of the Poppets product. These results were the ones I expected, and show a definite trend. As people get younger, more have tried Poppets. The reason that this is true is that the advertising is aimed more at younger people (just look at their advertisements and their web-site). Therefore, the result for the amount of over 18s who have tried Poppets is the smallest. To make sure this is the case, we can find out how many over 18s have heard of Poppets as compared to other age groups. The results are all of course higher than the ones for how many people have tried have tried Poppets as not everyone who has heard of Poppets will have tried them, but everyone who has tried them has heard of them. But again less over 18-year olds have heard of Poppets. This supports the previous assumption that Paynes advertising strategy is not working for this age group as it is aimed solely at the younger age groups. Perhaps, in addition to the current promotional activities, some of the promotion should be made a little more serious (talking about the positive nutrients, etc.). We shall see examples of promotion aimed at this age group to give Paynes some examples of good promotion which should lead to increased sales. It is interesting to note that even though more 12-14 year olds have heard of Poppets, more 15-18 year olds have tried Poppets (proportionally). We know that the advertising strategy is aimed at these two age groups primarily (observing the advertising itself and primary data back this up), but in this case why have more of the older group tried the product even though less of them have heard about it. To find out, we must look at the social reasons not just the sales aspect. 12-14 year olds are in many cases more cautious than older people and often more observant. They would not necessarily be pushed to trying a product just because they have heard of it. This may not be true of 15-18 year olds, and they may be more affected by the advertising. Less of this age group would have heard of Poppets as they have a larger workload, and will spend less time being shown advertisements as they may be spending more time on studying (especially 16 and 18 year olds for GCSE and A-Level e xams respectively). We have hypothesized that the reason that Over 18s are not buying Poppets very much compared to the other age groups, and in fact less have heard of Poppets that in any other age group is because the advertising is not aimed at them, and therefore they are not the target audience. To make sure that this is correct, and that we can go on to develop ideas of how to make the advertising more appealing to Over 18s we need to prove that this is the main problem. We can compare how many Over 18 year olds think that advertising is the weakest aspect of the marketing to the other age groups. We can see that 15-18 year olds are the age group which most thinks that promotion is the weakest area of marketing. This could be because they think that they are being targeted in a patronising way (with all the references to cool and suckers, etc.). This result is unexpected, as it shows that more 12-14 and 15-18 year olds think that promotion is the weakest area, proportionally to 18 year olds. However, less Over 18s were questioned than 12-14s and 15-18s, so the accuracy for that age group is going to be the worst. Also, the 15-18s group includes 18 year olds, not the Over 18s group. To provide further information on this, we can find out the reverse data, which percentage of age groups think that advertising is the main strength of the Poppets marketing scheme. From this we can see that only 17% of over 18 year olds think that promotion is the strongest aspect of Payness marketing plan, so they are not too enthusiastic about it. We can also see that 15-18 Year olds are very passionate about the promotion, as among them, it is the most popular choice for strongest AND weakest area of marketing. We know that 69% of 15-18 Year Olds voted for promotion as either the strongest or the weakest part of advertising. If the old adage Any publicity is good publicity applies to advertising, then 15-18 year olds are truly being targeted very well! Poppets have recently attracted people to their web site by doing a pre-election vote. This advertising stunt could possibly have been to attract older people, and people who would not normally spend time on this site. Since performing this sort of short-term advertising scheme doesnt cost money (just a simple web-page on their site) it is viable and may have increased sales, and talk about the range. But which sort of advertising works best? Consumers were asked which forms of advertising would most influence them to buy Poppets. Here we can see that TV is by far the best method of reaching people through advertising. This is because nearly every household in the country has a television which they watch every night. Since advertisements always interrupt programmes, people are forced to watch them all the time. The audience reached by advertising on television is absolutely enormous, as millions of people will be watching TV at any one time. But an advert is only effective if the right audience sees it. For Poppets, this means teenagers. So, the adverts should run at a time when it is more likely that many teenagers will be tuned in. This will be around programmes aimed at teenagers, like films, comedies, and sports. However, starting a television advertising campaign is very expensive. If Poppets make enough profit, the wisest thing to do would be to reinvest it back into marketing and make a series of television commercials, better than the ones which they have already screened (which are quite poor). Adver ts in cinemas may also help but not to such a great extent. They would be useful because if a person sees a Poppets advert in a cinema they may latter return to the cinema, and subconsciously remember Poppets, and buy them before their film begins. Therefore, it would only make sense to screen adverts in cinemas if Poppets sell their product at the cinemas themselves. We can see that among 15-18 year olds, Television and Cinema advertising is even more popular. So, to target this age group better, Poppets should release more television advertisements, with subjects relating specifically to this age group (the current most popular music / mobile phones). More detail about when adverts should be screened is given above. We can see that there is only a difference of 3% between the number of males who have tried Poppets and the number of females. This is a negligible difference and we cannot conclude that females are the target audience of the advertising. However to make sure this is the case, we can see how many females/males have heard of Poppets, proportionally. Here, the gap is twice as wide. But, surprisingly, more MALES have heard of Poppets than females. The gap is 6%, so we cannot be sure that if our sample was much larger that the gap would be as large. With both results the difference is not enough to conclude for definite that more females across the UK have tried Poppets, and that more males have heard of them. So why is there practically no difference. The product itself does not seem to be biased in any way to a particular gender. Most people like to consume a good-tasting chocolate product. Also, all the adverts have both males and females in them (usually fighting with each other). The web site did not fair as well as the product and the packaging for the focus group. The focus group agreed that the site was designed well but it tried too hard to be cool and hip. This was mainly in reference to the text on the web site. However, the graphics (mainly the characters) were also said to be to retro and babyish. Price Since the product is going to be sold to consumers, it is important to find out what they think of the price. If most people think it is too expensive, sale are not going to be high, especially if competitors prices are lower. A price should be chosen which brings more income than expenses and is attractive. One of the most important ways of making sure a product is successful is finding this golden middle when sales and income are multiplied to make the most profit. So what do consumers think of the current price of Poppets (which is 35p)? We can see that the graph is a straightforward curve. The more extreme or passionate statements have the least percentages, whereas as the statements about the price become less extreme, the results are higher. Perhaps another factor which is at play here is that people tend to generally not bother agreeing with the passionate statements, and go along with the least meaningful ones (average value) as this requires less knowledge and thought on their part, and they know they cant go wrong with answering like that. But on the other hand, if Poppets were VERY expensive or VERY cheap, enough so that consumers noticed and remembered this, the results would reflect this. What we can conclude from this is that the price of Poppets does not differ much from the average, and people and not surprised by it at all. However, there is a tendency towards Poppets being regarded as priced above average. 37% believe Poppets are priced above average, whereas only 24% the price is below average. This t ells us that pricing is not an area in which Poppets is lacking, and should not be the main concern for now. We should find areas in which Poppets is not doing very well, and consider how they should be improved. This graph shows us what consumers from each age group think of the price of Poppets. Each line corresponds to an age. We can see that 0-11 year olds did not like the word average at all, but preferred to say Very Good or Very Poor. This is most probably because they are not use to prices and cant really tell whether a good is priced well or not. They would not take the question seriously, and give the most extreme answer they could. However, since it is more often the case that adults would buy Poppets for their 0-11 year old children, their view of prices is more interesting. So, over 18 year olds replied to the survey with average most often, but were inclined to say that Poppets were a good price. 15-18 year olds said that Poppets were priced very poorly much less than any other age group, and were generally impressed by the price. This is because they have to use their own money to buy Poppets, so they would appreciate a good price much more than 0-11 year olds, and people with enough money to not worry about prices of such products (many adults). All age groups were more inclined to vote for Poppets being a good price rather than bad. Production We know that the advertising, which Poppets uses, is not very effective but probably the most important aspect of the Poppets marketing mix in the end, is the product itself. So what did our sample think of the product as compared to other aspects of the marketing plan? As we can see here, the product was voted as the main strength of Poppets marketing. Price was also high, 7% lower that the product. Therefore, promotion and place were the two worst aspects of marketing, and the difference between them was only 1%, so these are definitely the two areas, which need to be, tackled the most. However, the product is still not absolutely perfect, as it got 36%, so we can look at ways in which it could be improved. For instance, Poppets are sold in small boxes. But is this the most effective packaging, according to consumers. Consumers were asked which type of packaging they prefer, out of four choices, with box being one of the options. From these results, we can see that Paynes have done their market research well and that their chosen form of packaging is in fact the most appropriate for this type of product. But, Paynes do also sell Poppets in bags, which is the third most popular form of packaging. Therefore, it may be profitable to also package Poppets in tubes, as it was not far of from being as popular as box packaging. Selling Poppets in bags could be replaced by tubes as most of Poppets customers will be people who want a quick snack, not a large 200g packet as sold by Poppets. People who wish to buy a large quantity would go for a more budget bulk buy option (a large box of chocolates, large bars, etc.). People like to buy chocolate products in boxes and tubes because these are more sturdy, have less chance of getting crumpled, and can be placed in a pocket so that the chocolates will not fall out. Plastic packets are easily torn, so chocolate can be lost. With a confectionery product such as Poppets, one of the most important things to consider is which flavours should be in the range. We asked consumers which flavours they liked the most out of the current range, and which flavours they would like to see added in the future. The reaction from the focus group on the design of the packaging (normal sized boxed Poppets) was generally positive. They believed that the packaging made good use of colour, and that the explosion effect would make them look at the product if they were after some chocolate products in a small quantity. An example of the Poppets packaging is given below. What is more important, however, is to find out which flavours which are currently not part of the range would influence more people to buy Poppets. Out of four choices, these were the results: The results here are more interesting, as we see straight away that many people would be influenced to buy Poppets if the caramel flavour was available. This leads us to think that perhaps it would be advisable to get rid of the current fruit flavour and replace it with caramel. Also, Nut got a high vote, so possibly it could replace the mint flavour currently available. In fact, perhaps no flavours should be taken away from the range, and Caramel and Nut should be added. The focus group believed that the taste of the Poppets themselves was very pleasing. The flavour, which received the most praise, was the Fruit flavour. This does not coincide with the information from the database. The other flavours were also said to be good. The mint flavour was the most unpopular. Place Where do most people buy products like Poppets? This would be valuable information because the most popular areas could be focused on. If in these areas Poppets were to become very popular, sales would increase dramatically, and sales in other less popular areas would also be affected as people who usually buy Poppets in popular areas, would also buy them when they bought from the less popular areas. Consumers were given four options of where they usually bought chocolate products. We can see that local shops and supermarkets are by far the most popular areas for the selling of chocolate goods. This is because they are easily accessible, as most people have a local shop within walking distance of their home. Prices are not too bad at these places, and kids can easily get there. It is considered the classic place to buy a small snack when in a rush. Poppets should concentrate their efforts on these areas this will increase sales dramatically. From the above graph we can see that teenagers in general prefer to buy their chocolate products in local shops more than customers of all ages put together. Noticeably, females of 15-18 years old buy more of their chocolate products from vending machines than males, and less from local shops. Why is this? Perhaps they prefer having a quick snack more than males while males prefer spending time on going in and buying their product. So, Poppets should target vending machine sales at females (more females in adverts) and target local shop sales at males in a similar way. Findings and Recommendations: * Some more adult-style advertising should be used (sparingly) to increase sales for over 18s. Adult humour could be used on boards outside shops, and at bus stops. Places above tube seats where there are always slot-in adverts could be hired. Opportunity cost of this may be the introduction of a new flavour. * Television adverts should be increased in quality and become shown more often. They should be shown in between films, comedies, and sports programs, as these are often watched by the target audience (usually 15-18 year olds). So, running the commercials at daytime would be a complete waste of money. Opportunity cost will be large, due to the large amount of money needed to run TV ads. So, other advertising may need to be dropped, and new flavours may need to be put on hold. * Add caramel and nut flavours to the current range possibly at the expense of the fruit flavour. The opportunity cost of doing this may be the introduction of other flavours in other products (e.g. Just Brazils). * Concentrate on selling more in local shops. Perhaps sell large Poppets signs to newsagent, like the famous red Coca-Cola sign. Sell budget multi-packs in supermarkets, as this is a place where many buy their chocolate products for the week for the whole family. Opportunity cost may be a new flavour, or the expansion of another product manufactured by Paynes. The advantages of implementing these recommendations for Poppets would be that in the long-term, sales would increase. However, the opportunity cost may be dividends for shareholders, or expanding another range of products. But as Poppets is part of a much larger corporation, Paynes other products can bring in enough income to keep the shareholders happy, while Poppets increases sales. Each recommendation needs to be considered in turn, and prioritised by Poppets. They should start with screening more and more television adverts at strategic times. As these adverts are viewed, sales will increase, and eventually the adverts will bring in more profit than cost. Then, the range can be expanded, and adverts released telling customers about the new flavours. More advertising can then be used (on radio, boards, etc.). These findings are all important to the company as they highlight some major problems with the marketing and if these were corrected, sales of Poppets would increase, and in the long-term, bring more profits into Paynes. Nestle also provided some interesting statistics, which Paynes should take into consideration. Women buy 65% of the confectionary goods. However, they consume only 33% of it. They probably give most of it away to children. Children buy 4% of the total confectionary goods sold but consume 38%, which backs this up. Men buy roughly the same amount as they consume, therefore making them less generous than women. How does this affect Paynes? It shows that women are the most prone to buying, but for their children. The product should therefore be appealing to children, who will then ask their mothers to buy the product. Mothers should agree rather than disagree, so nutritional information could be provided, showing that Poppets can be healthy as well as tasty. This is but one of the strategies which Paynes could attempt to boost sales. Some information was obtained form Nestle regarding popularity of confectionary products. This information can serve as a guide to how well Paynes are doing with Poppets, and how much they need to improve. The top 20 Confectionary brands of 2000 and 1999 are given in the table below. 99 00 Product 1 1 Kit Kat 2 2 Mars Bar 3 3 Dairy Milk 4 4 Twix 7 5 Celebrations 5 6 Roses 8 7 Wrigleys Extra 6 8 Maltesers 10 9 Quality Street 11 10 Aero 9 11 Snickers 12 Rowntrees 12 13 Galaxy 15 14 Milky Bar 13 15 Milky Way 20 16 Straburst 16 17 Crunchie 14 18 Smarties 19 Bassetts Fundays 19 20 Qrigleys Orbit Poppets do not appear in the Top 20 list (and are not even in the Top 30), so they have a long way to go before they attain the same brand name status as Cadburys and Nestle. Appendix A Appendix B The following information was obtained from the Paynes web site. It shows the prices of all Poppets products, and other retail information. Product Code Product Unit Weight R.R.P. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Units Per Outer Poppets Poppets Cartons 00090 Toffee Poppets Carton 0.31 36 00092111 Fruit Creams Poppets Carton 0.31 36 00096111 Raisin Poppets Carton 0.31 36 00099111 Mint Creams Carton 0.31 36 Poppets Kingsize Cartons 00110 Toffee Poppets Carton 0.50 24 00114 Original Peanut Poppets Carton 0.50 24 00116 Mint Creams Poppets Carton 0.50 24 Poppets 200g Hanging Bags 02590 Toffee Poppets 200g 1.05 12 02591 Peanut ; Raisin Poppets 200g 1.05 12 02592 Fruit Creams Poppets 200g 1.05 12 02593 Raisin Poppets 200g 1.05 12 02594 Mint Creams Poppets 200g 1.05 12 02595 Original Peanut Poppets 200g 1.05 12 NEW Poppets Chocolate Toffee Popcorn 02601 Chocolate Toffee Popcorn 30g 0.29 24 02602 Chocolate Toffee Popcorn 70g 0.69 18 02604 Chocolate Toffee Popcorn

Shizukos Daughter essays

Shizuko's Daughter essays Shizukos Daughter, a novel written by Kyoki Mori, is about a bold and brilliant twelve-year-old Yuki Okundo who suffers the loss of her mother by suicide. Shizuko, Yukis mother, is a loving mother with artistic talents that she has passed on to her daughter. Yukis ability to survive many losses is tested by many factors, but mainly by her heartless father and his new wife. Yukis coming of age is the result of the attack on her mothers memory, her father and stepmothers actions, mothers memory, and her mothers suicide. Yuki grows up strong and capable, and Shizuko has encouraged her daughter to be bold. Yuki fights boys and studies piano and she is also an outstanding student. Shizuko writes in her suicide note, "I do not do this rashly, but after much consideration. This is the best for all of us. Please do not feel guilty in any way. What has happened is entirely my responsibility. This is the best for myself as well as for you. I am almost happy at this last hour and wish you to be. In spite of this, please believe I love you. People will tell you that Ive done this because of I do not love you. Dont listen to them. When you grow up to be a strong women, you will know that this was for the best. My only concern now is that you will be the first to find me. Im sorry. Call your father at work and let him take care of everything. You are a strong person; you will no doubt get over this and be brilliant women. Dont let me stop or delay you. I love you." (Mori 6) Once Shizuko is gone there are many things that threaten Yuki's development. She must tolerate the harassing on her mothers memory, first by her Aunt Aya who removes the possessions of her dead mother, and then by the bitter Hanae. On the day of the funeral, Yuki takes shelter in her closet filled with colorful clothing all made for her by Shizuko. In her closet, with the sou...

University of Sioux Falls Admissions

University of Sioux Falls Admissions With an acceptance rate of 92%, the University of Sioux Falls is largely accessible to those who apply each year. Interested students will need to submit an application, which can be found on the schools website. Additional required materials include high school transcripts and scores from either the SAT or the ACT.   Admissions Data (2015) University of Sioux Falls Acceptance Rate: 92%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Scores:SAT Critical Reading: 470 / 550SAT Math: 440 / 540SAT Writing: - / -ACT Scores:ACT Composite: 20  / 25ACT English: 19 / 25ACT Math: 20  / 26 University of Sioux Falls  Description In the early 1880s, a delegation of area Baptist churches chartered an institution of higher learning, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, originally calling it the Dakota College Institute. Throughout the coming years, the school merged with neighboring colleges, lost and regained accreditation, and went through various other changes; the University of Sioux Falls now offers 40 undergraduate degrees and a handful of graduate degrees to its students. Outside of the classroom, students can take part in over 100 student-run clubs and organizations, ranging from the academic to the recreational. On the athletic front, the USF Cougars compete in the NCAA Division II, in the Great Plains Athletic Conference.   Enrollment (2014) Total Enrollment: 1,482 (1,224 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 41% Male / 59% Female82% Full-time Costs (2015 - 16) Tuition and Fees: $26,240Textbooks: $950Room and Board: $6,900Other Expenses: $3,510Total Cost: $37,600 University of Sioux Falls  Financial Aid (2014  - 15) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 77%Average Amount of AidGrants: $16,011Loans: $9,095 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Accounting, Nursing, Elementary Education, Exercise Science, Criminal Justice, Biology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 72%4-Year Graduation Rate: 37%6-Year Graduation Rate: 54% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Golf, Basketball, Track, and Field, Cross Country, BaseballWomens Sports:  Basketball, Cross Country, Soccer, Track and Field, Softball, Volleyball, Tennis University of Sioux Falls  Mission Statement The University of Sioux Falls, a Christian University in the liberal arts tradition, educates students in the humanities, sciences, and professions. The traditional motto of the University is  Culture for Service, that is, we seek to foster academic excellence and the development of mature Christian persons for service to God and humankind in the world... USF is committed to the Lordship of Jesus Christ and to the integration of biblical faith and learning; it affirms that Christians are called to share their faith with others through lives of service. The University is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches, U.S.A., and welcomes students of any faith or denomination.

Self Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Evaluation - Essay Example Then, I will come up with the possible strategies to implement them to ensure that I succeed. To successfully complete the program, I will have to be hard working. This is a very important goal that will make it much possible for me to move closer to my main objective. To be hard working means to spend my time doing what is expected of me. So, my strategy for implementing this goal is that most of my time will be spent warming books and other non-book reading materials that are available in the school library. It is only through reading and conducting of research that I will manage to grasp the content of all the subjects that I am currently studying (McClelland, 2003). Hard work will also encompass the initiative of personal studies, group work and consultations with my instructors, seniors and class mates. Hard work is a fundamental value for a good student because it can make it much possible for me to successfully complete the program and succeed. The other goal that will propel me to success is time management. As a student, I need to acknowledge the fact that time is one of the most valuable resources I have at my disposal. At no time should it be misused because, as the saying goes, ‘time wasted can never be recovered.’ To avoid any regrets, I will have to make the best of my time (Reiss, 2002). The first strategy for implementing this goal is through having a well planned personal time table. In my time table, I will have to allocate enough time for each and every activity that I will be doing on day to day basis. However, this will be in line with the general school schedule. If I do this, I will get time to read each and every subject without forgetting about any of them. The other strategy is that I will use is to be disciplined and strictly comply with my schedule at all times. The other goal for succeeding in this program is team work. As a student, I opted to spend my precious time to go to

Workplace Violence. Demonstrations of temper that impact work Research Paper

Workplace Violence. Demonstrations of temper that impact work performance and general well-being within the hospital workplace - Research Paper Example Other members of the surgical team, primarily the scrub tech, was observably upset by the actions and lack of restraint shown by Dr. X in regard to his emotional state. Upon approaching the Director in regard to this behavior, it was revealed that this form of violence was common for Dr. X and the hospital has been allowing the behavior to continue without intervention. The Director made the comment â€Å"Oh, that is common behavior for Dr. X. We just ignore it and Dr. X will forget all about it by tomorrow†, which indicates that the issue is centered on how Dr. X feels about the event rather than on how the rest of the staff is affected by his actions. Purpose The purpose of this report is to explore the ways in which this type of incident can be avoided in the future, both in direct relation to Dr. X and in relation to the behaviors and reactions of the entire staff. Guidelines about what is and what is not permitted where behavior and emotions are concerned will help to out line how this type of incident can be avoided in the future.... The staff is affected by the impact of that unpredictability and has no stable ground on which to determine the appropriate procedures from which to continue working. As well, the intended target of the anger is left emotionally affected, thus their work can be undermined. The care of the patient is then compromised due to the shift in focus from the medical situation to self-protection in an environment that has become hostile. This puts the patient in harms way as their care is compromised and the outcome of their care is put into jeopardy. Additionally, the event of a medical instrument being thrown across a room has the potential of creating damage or injury, thus creating the potential for legal liability. The potential costs of a hostile work environment are relevant on many levels. The first potential cost can be financially crippling as litigation from an employee who has experienced an inappropriate event or series of events can sue the hospital for having had no prevention, response, or intercession between the employee and the doctor who has behaved in this manner. A hostile workplace can be defined as â€Å"Conduct that has the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment† (Colaprete, 2007, p. 182). From the result of Harris v. Forklift Systems Inc, the decision that was made by the Supreme Court extended responsibility for actions that do not necessarily create psychological injury, but also to those events that are â€Å"severe or pervasive (enough) to alter the conditions of the victims employment and create an abusive work environment† (Colaprete, 2007, p. 182). It would be reasonable to assess the event in question as having the potential for

Therapeutic Value of Art and History of Art Therapy

Therapeutic Value of Art and History of Art Therapy Therapy Emotions Artistic Becoming An Art Therapist â€Å"Art therapy is a type of psychotherapy that encourages the expression of emotions through artistic activities such as painting, drawing or sculpture; psychotherapy based on the belief that the creative process involved in the making of art is healing and life-enhancing† (Webster’s Dictionary). Art therapy opens a creative world for those who cannot express the way they feel by use of verbal communication. To some people, are not enough. Expression through painting, sculpting, and drawing assists one in overcoming the effects of traumatic or unpleasant happenings in his life. Art therapy is a field that is beneficial to people of all ages, gender, emotional status, or mental ability. It is necessary to examine the knowledge of products resulting from and various methods utilized in a variety of disciplines in order to fully understand the vast benefits of implementing art therapy (Repko, 2005). It is used for a wide variety of conditions such as: the terminally ill, mentally challenged, emotionally disturbed, those afflicted with eating disorders, the abused both physically and verbally, and many more. The goal of Art Therapy is free and open expression, emotional well-being, mental stability and well-balanced coping skills for the client. In the profession of Psychology, use of Art Therapy is considered a most crucial component in evaluating, diagnosing and treating patients. Analysis of a persons psyche and mental health is often difficult with the single use of verbal communication. The use of art in healing dates back to the ancient drawings on walls of caves, revealing that although the profession of Art Therapy appears very young in the family of mental health disciplines it is very old and personally natural in practice. There is even evidence that the creative act of art may have prevented or forestalled more serious mental disorders for painters such as Blake, Munch or Van Gogh (McNiff, 1980). Patients who are given the opportunity to free themselves of inhibitions stemming from inner hesitations of new experiences, parental influences, cultural or economic are able to express deep fears, even fantasies or wishes through the expression of art. It is the symbolic language of images that initiates the surfacing of feelings and emotions that one often cannot or dares not to express verbally (Meltzer, 1948). As people outgrow inhibitions their personalities are freed and they can express and project feelings as well as face events that once disturbed them. In therapy, the developmental stages of art expression go from quite restricted and simplistic stereotypic models to images with actual faces or events expressed. Frustrated or once disassociated personalities are released and reintegrated through the use of art expression (McNiff, 1948). Art is often neglected as a serious academic subject in educational institutions. However, with further investigation it can compliment even the most difficult educational programs. Art is important to every student, but especially in programs educating handicapped or exceptional children. J. Dewey expressed in his drive to develop humanness in exceptional children that â€Å"†¦artistic activity is the way in which one may gain in strength and stature, the belief in his own powers, and the self respect which makes artistic activity constructive in the growth of personality† (Dewey, 1970 as sited in Integration of Art Education into Special Education Programs, 1976, n.p.). Curiosity is emerging about the therapeutic values of art, where once there was an emphasis on cognition art is becoming recognized as beneficial in the development and growth of individuals. The goal of both art therapist and art teacher is for an individual to realize his full ego. Teachers and therapists strive to master techniques which affect and develop the inner psyche of students. Margaret Naumburg was the first educator who had a sophisticated understanding of the importance of art in education. She incorporated free art expression into her work and published writings about her experiences. Teachers joined clinicians and educators in institutions dealing with handicapped, the bereaved and the mentally ill (Rubin, 1980). Intense and long-term education with clinical practice is required for an Art Therapist to obtain certification. The very nature of altering one’s personality or well-being in therapy necessitates the seriousness in consideration of the academic and practical preparation of an art therapist. The American Art Therapy Association was formed to regulate and determine and delineate the degree of education and training of art therapists. Standards of registration include strict guidelines with requirements including a master’s program with a highly valued emphasis on graduate training under the supervision and tutelage of art therapists and psychotherapists within clinical settings (McNiff, 1980). A wide variety of disciplines could be examined to understand the value of Art Therapy. Some are: sociology, psychology, economics, artand education. The scope of this paper will focus onhow art therapy is used in analyzing the psychological health of patients and treatment of; the development of individuality through art incorporated into education; and the aesthetic value of expression through the creative act of art. The most critical disciplines to determine the benefits of Art Therapy incorporated into its goal are psychology, art, and education. Examining the perspective of psychology will allow understanding of how a person can be evaluated for emotional and mental health, and methods of treatment prescribed to achieve the ultimate of balanced well-being through the use of the creative act. Psychology is the science of the status of the mind and it processes. Many conditions and happenings in life affect an individual’s physical and mental health. It is imperative to evaluate and prescribe the most beneficial methods of treatment to achieve this balance of mental status. Examining the perspective of art will reveal how expression of emotion and experience within the freedom of verbal communication has a healing affect on an individual and can rid him of past traumas or harmful experiences that prevent ultimate health. Art is the production of what is appealing, considered beautiful or that which is of more than ordinary significance. The avenue of communication through this type of creative expression enhances all individuals who utilize it. Not only is aesthetic value received through artistic expression, rather the therapeutic value far outweighs the former benefits. Finally, in looking at the perspective of education may explain why there is a necessity of years of academic instruction and clinical practice to obtain the certification of art therapy. Education is considered the intellectual preparation for mature life through acquiring knowledge. Its goal is to develop the power to reason based on knowledge and instruction that is imparted to the student. The profession of Art Therapy requires many years of academic study as well as clinical study and internship to obtain certification. Intense focus is on the importance of proper study and training to perform art therapy with an individual. Research of articles, journals and literary information pertaining to each discipline will be conducted. Products of the three disciplines mentioned concerning art therapy will be discussed such as American Art Therapy Association standards and requirements, artistic work of individuals before and after treatment, and exhibits of artistic expression from a variety of painters. The effectiveness of art therapy will also be revealed through drawings and paintings exhibited by different artists and individuals. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the therapeutic value of free expression in drawing, sculpting and the use of images; how art expands the imagination and educational scope of children and adults; and how the development of personality and character is affected when allowed expression through non- verbal means. By looking at similarities in the end product of individuals through various disciplines, the benefits of implementing art therapy will be revealed. Background Art Therapy (All in bold will be defined in Appendix A) began its history in the 1930s in America because of the efforts of Margaret Naumburg. In thirty years it developed into seven courses taught in five institutions by four art therapists including Ms. Naumburg. By 1971 four programs offered master’s degrees in art therapy. These degrees were offered in universities, a medical college and a college known for its fine arts studies. Single courses in art therapy were offered across the country in academic institutions as supplemental education. The historical background of art therapy began very slowly with seemingly nothing happening and then it developed with great speed (Agell, 1980). In the early development of art therapy professionals used it as case work for treating children with behavioral problems in residencies and special schools, hospitalized patients and private clients. â€Å"Art therapists who, convinced of the special qualities inherent in art, persuaded others – artists, teachers, and clinicians – that art expression provided an enduring, moving, and sometimes exquisite message of human experience† (Agell, 1980, p. 9). During the pioneering days, many therapists had been doing art therapy but didn’t know what to call the process or results of something special that was happening in their work. Elinor Utman founded the American Journal of Art Therapy in 1961. This publication provided information regarding the therapeutic use of art in professions. It also enabled art therapists who had formerly been isolated to be unified. This ultimately led to the founding of the American Art Therapy Association (AATA) in 1969 that gave therapists a structure for promoting their field of work, and its ultimate priority was to support the training development of art therapists. Two documents, Guidelines for ArtTherapy Training and Guidelines were created to provide the fundamental standards for training and the educational level required for certification of art therapy. It was determined that professional certification should be with a Master’s degree with recommended didactic and practicum experience (Agell, 1980). Art therapy has developed into four categories: recreational, occupation, general therapeutic and actual art therapy. These types of therapy are typically used with a variety of patients; the most intensive application of the therapy was used on institutionalized tubercular patients. Handicrafts and major arts were used to aid in the depression caused by elongated institutionalization. Physically handicapped patients were trained how to use other limbs or a different set of learning functions. Neurologically impaired patients such as those with cerebral palsy, mongoloid or the blind experienced the benefit of release or development of a satisfactory degree of intellectual functioning through the creative act of art. Those with mental and psychologically deviant conditions experienced art therapy as a therapeutic process and sometimes as a curative process. Art therapy was used for the occupational benefit as well as for enjoyment. â€Å"With the retarded and pathological child we have begun to realize the great help that can be gained from art psychotherapy in the youngest age group (Harms, 1975, p. 242). Research in progress shows that we ought first to distinguish between intellectual and perceptive learning. An impaired child will comprehend a branch of green leaves or a flower much more readily if it is not only explained to him but if he also has drawn it with crayons. The creative method of comprehending is not only much simpler but also reaches deeper into the apperceptive nature of the young child† (Harms, 1975, p.242). Development of Art therapy is used for people with health issues. Anna, age twelve, is a patient who came to treatment after having suffered many traumatic experiences due to a heart defect. She endured five major cardiac surgeries and had many problems that compounded her condition other than the physical difficulties. Having been sexually abused by a family member she exhibited difficulty coping with her feelings about the issues in her life causing stomach aches and a lack in friendships. Anna’s treatment included art therapy and resulted in better management of her anxiety and depression. A part of her treatment was to create a collage to draw out the subconscious feelings she had reached regarding her life issues. The focus of treatment and healing was her serious medical condition along with abuses. Anna’s depiction of herself in the collage was a figure with a large head and small body shown in the center of the paper. She had cut out magazine and placed the â€Å"good† describing herself on the right of her head and to the left, the â€Å"bad†. It was determined that she could not see both sides as a part of the whole head indicating she viewed herself as divided. It was only through art instead of traditional verbal therapy that this depiction of self was revealed. Though she was initially unaware of the divided view of herself through art therapy she reached a measure of healing resulting in healthier coping skills. This was confirmed by the change of images in her art, proving the benefit of art in treatment as well as recovery (Lees, 2003-2005). Victims of violent physical abuse also benefit from art therapy in that they are able to express in images horrible experiences that are either no longer conscious or are too painful to verbalize. As a sexual abuse survivor Susan exhibited a common theme of confusion of feelings and devaluation of self that is often only revealed through art. Art therapy reveals through images the impact the violence of sexual abuse creates. The first drawing of Susan reflected her pain with a single tear on an expressionless face. Her torment was silent, but through continued use of art she was able to express her suppressed emotions and the feelings that overwhelmed her. Progressive pictures depicted images of her feelings of loneliness and helplessness. Art allowed Susan to step outside herself and view what her feelings look like. This was a step used for her to learn how to own her true feelings. Through art she was able to see herself as a grown woman with an inner child. The colors in her art turned from black and colorless to vibrant and vivid. Emotions of anger appeared after the fifth drawing and as art drawings continued through treatment deeper emotions were depicted in the images and color selection. Through art therapy Susan was able to work through the steps of healing which brought hope of a new life without the pain from past experiences (Lees, 2003-2005). A third use of art therapy is with people who have challenges living in the normal realm of life. Children with autism benefit from art therapy by the opportunity to express and communicate with the world through images since they often cannot verbally. Sung, a Korean five year old girl, was filmed with a 35 mm camera to determine the benefit of art in autistic children. In her first session she became familiarized with the supplies used in art – sketchbook and a box of bright wax craypas. Her first drawings were banana-like arcs with heavy lines or large solid dots also containing rectangular patches. Other forms come and go in her depictions. Eventually she became â€Å"mesmerized by activity which fills her entire visual field and is absorbed by the deepening color and her rapidly moving hand seen from scant inches away† (Kellman, 2004, p.13). Sung’s art developed into additional shapes and a common images of heads with big solid eye dots and facial features. As time went on her pictures became more detailed including bodies with clothes and thinner lines. Paints and origami were introduced which developed dexterity. She was able to develop keen vision with spatial capacities as well as the control of fine motor skills. Her art revealed that autistic children frequently â€Å"focus on the geometric structure of a visual scene and on the forms and structures of objects themselves in their drawings† (Kellman, 2004, p.16). Sung was developing her available skills through art. Art therapy has developed into an essential and beneficial form of treatment and therapy. The above three scenarios prove the variety of uses in the expressive language of art. People with physical, mental or emotional difficulties are able to heal or develop with the use of art expression. The extent of healing/development can be measured through the progression of detail in the images. The scope of treatment is determined by the extent or type of art medium necessary. From its beginning in the 1930s, art therapy has developed and become recognized as an authentic therapy to assist people through a variety of disciplines. The objective of this paper is to explain how to become a successful art therapist by showing examples of treatments and giving the guidelines of the educational process. Integrating several disciplines forms a holistic, comprehensive understanding of how to accomplish this profession by using the Comprehensive Perspectives Model (Repko, 2005). Psychology not only benefits the therapist but is also the core reason patients turn to art therapy. Having a background in psychology will give an understanding of the brain and gives insights of how to cope and treat the issue. Art consists of the therapeutic process of learning to show emotion by using drawing pencils, paints and clay for sculpturing. Any individual can benefit from art alone because it subconsciously uses all the senses. Education is what ties the two above disciplines together. Psychology and art alone are very different but with having the proper process in both, together they form a creative solution for those not only in need of therapy, but for all. References Psychology Evans, R., Tissot, C. (2003). Children with autistic spectrum disorders: Perspectives on current research. Early Childhood Development and Care173, 361-362. Kellman, J. (2004).Art of a child with autism: Drawing systems and proto mathematics. Journal of Aesthetic Education. 38, 12-22. Lusebrink, V.B., (2004). Art therapy and the brain: An attempt to understand the underlying process of art expression in therapy. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association21, 125-135. Meltzer, H. (1948). Studies of the free art expression of behavior problem children and adolescents as a means of diagnosis and therapy. The Journal of Educational Psychology39(6), 382-384. Art Harms, E. (1975). The development of art therapy. Leonardo8, 214-244. Lees, L. A. (2003-2005). Lees psychological services, inc.. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from Examples of How Art Therapy Works Web site:http://heartandmindmatters.com/content/view/8/7/ Packard, S. (1980). The history of art therapy education. Art Education33, 10-13. Rubin, J.A. (1980). Art therapy today. Art Education33, 6-8. Education May, D.C. (1976). Integration of art education into special education programs. Art Education. 29, 16-20. McNiff, Shaun (1980). Art therapy registration and standards of practice. Art Education. 33, 29-30. Stoner, S.D., Drachnik, C., Jensch, K., Jungles, G., Levick, M., Minar, V. (1980). Employment, training program development, and legislative issues. 33, 25-28. Additional Sources Repko, A. (2005) Interdisciplinary practice: A student guide to research and writing. Boston: Pearson. Webster, N (1961). Websters new international dictionary. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. Figure Captions Figure 1: Untitled (Lees, 2003 2005) Figure 2: Letting Go (Lees, 2003 2005) Figure 3: Inner Child (Lees, 2003 005) Figure 4: Haling Hope (Lees, 2003 2005) Appendix A: Glossary (Preston, 2008) apperceptive able to relate new percepts to past experience art – â€Å"the means of widening the range of human experiences and creating equivalents for such experiences; an area where experience can be chosen, varied and repeated at will. In the creative act, conflict is re-experienced, resolved and integrated â€Å" (Kramer, 1958, p. 6) art therapy – therapy with the use of creative activities to express emotions enabling individuals to manage/overcome physical and mental problems. curative something that cures; a remedy. dexterity skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands or mental skill or cleverness. didactic intended to instruct; inclined to teach or moralize excessively. craypas painting media such as watercolor, temper, acrylic, oils, wax crayons

Freud’s Interpretation of Sophicles’ Oedipus Tyrannus Is Ridiculous

â€Å"Freud's interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus is ridiculous. † Discuss This essay will discuss the interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus by Freud and whether his interpretation holds any weight in using it to aid his own theory, the Oedipus complex, or whether it was a ridiculous reading of the play itself. Freud’s theory will be explored first, before moving on to look at the interpretation itself. This will give a strong sense of how the Oedipus complex comes about in a young child and help in the discussion as to whether Oedipus may have been fulfilling this unconscious desire.The discussion will also touch upon Freud’s belief that it is his own theory that explains the reason for the play’s long-lasting success. Sigmund Freud is the father of a branch of psychology that he named psychoanalysis, as well as having a tremendous influence in how modern psychology has developed since the turn of the 20th Century. Freud was born on May 6th 1856. The first reference to Freud having used Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus to help strengthen his theory of the Oedipus complex, which is explained below, and also the first mention of the Oedipus complex altogether comes in 1900 in Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams.However, in The Interpretation of Dreams the theory is clearly only just beginning to be devised by Freud as it is not until 1910 that the term ‘Oedipus compex’ is first used. To be able to understand Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus it is vital to grasp what the Oedipus complex actually refers to. Before discussing the Oedipus complex it is important to discuss the earlier psychosexual development of a child, which leads into the development of the Oedipus complex. The first two stages, or the ‘pregenital’ stages, begin very early in life.The first is the oral stage, unsurprisingly, as infants first derive sexual pleasure primarily through the mouth; such as ta sting, sucking, and making sounds. This stage is followed by the anal stage, in which the infant has discovered the anus. This stage is focused on the control of the self and gives the infant the first opportunity to gain a sense of independence and achievement through learning to control the bowel and bladder. With the next stage, the phallic stage, the Oedipus complex tarts becomes apparent. It is during this time that the infant discovers the difference between a boy and girl, the boy begins to see the father as a rival for his mother’s affections, but also develops a fear of the father becoming a rival for the mother’s affections. Alongside these developments the child finds the genital area as an erogenous zone. The ‘castration complex’ can develop throughout this period and it is important to think of the male and female child as, ‘with penis’ or ‘castrated’, relatively.Freud believed that the male child saw the female child as a castrated boy and thus the result of, what seemed to be common in the turn of the century, the threat of parents telling young boys to stop playing with their genitals or they will be cut off. The young boy now believes that the father becomes a real threat to the affections for his mother. Between the age of four and five, Freud believed that the young child develops sexual feelings for his mother, and alongside this wants to have complete possession of her and thus hostile feelings develop towards the father.However, the possibility of castration that the young boy has understood to be seen in the naked girl, poses a horrific possibility to the boy. With the loss of his penis at stake, as in the young boy’s mind this is the form of retaliation the father will take to any hostile action from the child, the boy focuses his attention towards other feminine sources for sexual satisfaction. This is the Oedipus complex laid out as unimpeded development of the young boy and variations to this development through childhood is how Freud can explain ‘abnormal’ sexual behavior.For the young girl the Oedipus complex follows a different path once the difference between boy and girl has been realised. The lack of a penis is seen, through the young girl’s eyes, as the fault of her mother, because of this the girl moves away from the need to possess the mother and begins to long for the father in a similarly sexual manner and the wish for him to impregnate her. It is the resulting child that Freud imagines can ‘cure’ the girl of her ‘penis envy’ seeing the baby as a replacement for the missing organ.For Freud however the female never really surpasses this stage of penis envy. With Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus it is the male side of the Oedipus complex that is discussed. It is obvious that Oedipus indeed performs the actions that one would attribute to the desires of the Oedipus complex being fulfilled: The murder of his father and the sexual union with his mother. Freud’s interpretation, however, seems to conveniently ignore certain aspects of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, which upon inspection provide obstacles for Freud’s theory to navigate.In the development of his theory on the Oedipus complex, Freud undertook a great deal of self analysis and as such it is questionable as to how generalised his thoughts can be used to understand the human development. Freud had seen the play Oedipus Tyrannus and; â€Å"saw himself in a very concrete sense as Oedipus. † With this in mind Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus is not lessened in itself, but this does have bearings on his interpretation as proof of the Oedipus complex. Tragedy, as in all art forms, is open to interpretation no matter what the original artist intended as the meaning.For Freud, Oedipus represents the fulfilment of the early sexual desires towards the mother and the aggressive behaviour towards the father. However, that Oedipus does not know that these two people are his biological parents seems to belittle Freud’s use of Oedipus as an exemplum for his theory. Freud’s use of Oedipus is meant to show that the Oedipus complex â€Å"transcends time and place. † That Oedipus has a lack of knowledge of his true parents doesn’t seem to affect Freud in his use of Oedipus in this way. In my opinion, however, this use is severely at odds to the point that Freud attempts to make.A child, according to the Oedipus complex, that grew up with non-biological parents should have had little to no effect upon the early stages that lead to the development of the Oedipus complex, thus little to no effect upon the complex itself. Oedipus was sent away as an infant to be killed, but instead grew up with different parents. This, therefore, gives no reason to think that the idea that Oedipus sleeping with his biological mothe r and killing his biological father is the Oedipus complex realising itself within Oedipus.The interpretation by Freud seems to have used the popularity of Oedipus Tyrannus, at the time he was developing his theory, to help in popularising and explaining the Oedipus complex. Although Freud himself seems to have believed that Oedipus was, indeed, a good example of his theory: Broken down simply his argument runs, 1. There is a universal psychological conflict (Oedipus complex), as I have discovered in my clinical experience. 2. This is confirmed by a drama which has universal effectiveness. 3.Why this drama is universally effective can only be understood if my hypothesis is correct. This reference to why the drama is universally effective is Freud’s belief that the play in itself is not that challenging a concept. According to Freud it is only if his theory is correct that the ability of Oedipus Tyrannus to have had the â€Å"universal power to move† at all. This scient ific sounding argument leaves little option for Freud to be wrong, as the play has indeed enjoyed thousands of years of success.This, however, is according to Freud. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus seems to continually leave absolutely no room for a lack of the Oedipus complex being present. Throughout Freud seems to have missed what many people miss in Oedipus Tyrannus, Some readers of the Oedipus Rex have told me that they find its atmosphere stifling and oppressive: they miss the tragic exaltation that one gets from Antigone or the Prometheus Vinctus. They miss the courage of Oedipus, he knows of his fate and yet he carries on.His blinding represents the fumbling of humanity for the truth in the world and it is in this strength portrayed Oedipus that one can gain the tragic exaltation normally expected from a Tragedy. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus cannot be said to be an outright ridiculous interpretation. It is clear to see, when looking at the Oedipus complex, that Oedipus fulfils the exact fantasy of the young ‘Freudian’ boy. The Killing of his father and having a sexual relationship with his mother, however, when the interpretation is looked at closely it is obvious to see that there are clear flaws.The process of the development of the Oedipus complex cannot occur properly if one of the parents is absent from childhood, let alone both of them. Oedipus fulfils the fantasy of the young boy, but with the ‘wrong’ parents, even though they are his biological parents. The idea that the Oedipus Tyrannus portrays the idea that no matter who, where, or when we exist, the complex is inescapable even if it remains in the subconscious ‘is’ ridiculous. If this was the case then it would have been the king and queen of Corinth that were involved in this play, Oedipus’ adoptive parents.That Freud felt a great similarity between himself and Oedipus i s not ridiculous, in and of itself, it is the belief that his own self-analytical thoughts and the actions of Oedipus are actually similar that brings the interpretation into question. Oedipus acted without knowledge of his true parents, whereas Freud knew his parents and is discussing fantasy from childhood as opposed to actual action. The idea that Freud’s theory provides a reason for Oedipus Tyrannus’ success is definitely ridiculous in nature. Oedipus is the representative of the, albeit tragic, character of perseverance.He knows his fate yet carries on to find the truth, even after he has blinded himself he does not rest until he has made it to the site where he is prophesied to come to peace. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus has many ridiculous aspects to it, but the use to which Freud uses his interpretation does retain an aspect of credibility. Bibliography * Armstrong, R. H. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ips a/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) * Gay, P the Freud reader (Vintage 1995) * Storr, A. Freud, A very short introduction (Oxford Uni. Press 1989) * Dodds, E. R.On misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex Ed. E. Segal (Oxford Uni. Press 1983) * Simon, B. And Blass, R. The development and vicissitudes of Freud’s ideas on the Oedipus complex Ed. Neu, J (Cambridge Uni. Press 1991) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Gay (1995) xxxi [ 2 ]. Gay (1995) 273 [ 3 ]. Storr (1989) 33 [ 4 ]. Storr (1989) 34 [ 5 ]. Simon and Blass (1991) 170 [ 6 ]. Simon and Blass (1991)171 [ 7 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) [ 8 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm