Near the end of the book Atticus says to Heck Tate, Sometimes I think :: English Literature

Near the end of the book Atticus says to Heck Tate, Sometimes I think I'm a total failure as a parent, but I'm all they've got. How do you judge Atticus as a parent? Does he make any mistakes? What do other characters say about him? Near the end of the book Atticus says to Heck Tate, "Sometimes I think I'm a total failure as a parent, but I'm all they've got." How do you judge Atticus as a parent? Does he make any mistakes? What do other characters say about him? Atticus is a single parent who is nearly fifty years old when we first meet him. He lives with his two children, Jem who is 10 at the beginning of the book, and Scout who is six. His wife died when Scout was two, so Atticus has had to bring the children up for four years, on his own, with help from Calpurnia-a coloured servant. Atticus is a lawyer, who practises in his hometown, which is a small town called Maycomb in Alabama. Hard times fall upon the Finch family when Atticus is appointed to defend a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white girl. Atticus does not have to agree to take the case, but his self-respect and pride demand that he makes sure Tom gets a fair trial. He knows that he does not have a good chance of winning the trial, because it is a case of a white mans word against a black man, he admits this, "we were licked before we started". This act displays his belief in humanity and his sense of justice. It also verifies that Atticus is not a racist man and views the black community as equals. This attitude was not prevalent at the time, despite the fact that it was over seventy years since the Civil War. We learn of Atticus' approach to bringing up his children when Scout says, "he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment". This, however, is not the only view Scout and Jem have of their father. To begin with they seem disappointed that their father does not do the same sort of things that other fathers do. He does not play football or poker, and he does not drink or smoke. Even though Atticus may have been remote in some of his dealings with his children, he did speak frankly to them, even about embarrassing things. He bought them a shotgun for Christmas, telling them not to kill a mocking bird. He may have been reserved, but I think he was

Is He or isnt She - Original Writing :: Papers

Is He or isn't She - Original Writing I reach my destination, not really convinced how I should feel, or what I should anticipate! A mid terraced house, unsure of the area, but seems calm. A cold October evening, 5 pm and already the streets are dimly lit, a clear sky above, evidently displaying the dazzling stars that gleam beyond. I approach the house to a very inviting welcome, are they really friendly people or do they not get many visitors? I make my way to the lounge and take a seat, a small table in the corner draped in a lace cloth, a bookshelf that covers one entire wall and bursting to the brim with books. I'm immediately offered refreshments before given the chance to proceed with the interview, "A cup of tea would be great, thanks". Where do I start? A very complicated person, whose life is full of twists and turns. Kris, 5ft 8in tall, medium built with shoulder length hair, the kind of hair I would describe a 60's rock star to have, like Mick Jagger's, the rough and ready look. Born in London, but you wouldn't know by her accent, she has more of a neutral tone. She grew up with the feeling of not belonging! It all started when schooling began, nursery then infants. She just didn't fit in and her parents didn't know what to do. "Send her off to boarding school, that'll change things." I sit there, listening to every word that is spoken to me. She's obviously very wounded and distraught by the whole circumstances, as her parents were going through a divorce at this time, but did her mother really feel that this would be the best option, or was it that she didn't know what else to do, maybe she needed to escape? She sits opposite me, fidgeting, almost non-stop, legs crossed to one side and then instantaneously switching over to the other, arms folded, and the only time they unfolded is to remove the hair in her eyes, or to twiddle uncontrollably with her fingers.

Bicycle Braking Systems

Bicycle Braking Systems Year 11 Engineering Studies Merewether High School Nathan Dunshea 29/06/2012 Abstract: In this report a comparison of three Braking systems; Calliper, Drum and Disc will be made on a variety of areas including – * * Effectiveness * Performance * Features * Materials * Frictional Components * Difference from comparable car systems An Orthogonal and Pictorial drawing will also be provided on a selected section of one of the braking systems being compared. Introduction: Bicycle Braking systems are a means of which we are able to halt the movement of a bicycle through the expulsion of kinetic energy.The Kinetic potential energy that is present in a moving bicycle is converted in to 3 different forms of energy; heat, sound and light. This is done through the resistance of a wheel to move when a brake applies a frictional force against the spinning movement of a wheel. Three different types of brakes are generally used on bicycles today; the Calliper, Drum an d Disk systems. These three popular braking systems have their own unique set of advantages and disadvantages that persuade the population to purchase them. 2: Calliper Brake Diagram : Calliper Brake Diagram 3: Disc Brake Diagram 3: Disc Brake Diagram 4: Drum Brake Diagram 4: Drum Brake Diagram Procedure: I used the Internet to research pictures, articles and suppliers of Braking systems in order to access the appropriate information needed for this report. Results: Effectiveness, Performance, Features Comparison Effectiveness: 10: Cross-Section of a bicycle drum brake 10: Cross-Section of a bicycle drum brake The effectiveness of these Braking systems will be a measure of their ability to perform over a period of time.It is necessary for these brakes not to only perform well once, but over many instances, including moments of hard excessive braking. In today’s modern bicycle, many things will affect the braking systems ability to be effective. The weather, wear and tear over many uses, as well as the type of braking taking place can all have adverse effects on brakes. Drum brakes are not the most popular style of brake for a bicycle. This could be accredited to their effectiveness over time compared to both calliper brakes and disc brakes. Drum Brakes are typically very heavy, complicated to perform maintenance on and are often subject to brake fading.Break fading can be defined as the loss of braking force able to be exerted by the braking system at any point, and this often happens due to overheating as a result of consistent hard braking. Drum brakes are unable to dissipate heat anywhere near as efficiently as disc brakes as the frictional forces that turn kinetic energy into heat are all enclosed within the drum itself, which is often housed at the hub of the wheel. In fact, many companies have been forced to put warning labels on their hubs to make sure children aren’t unaware of the heat generated, and subsequently burn themselves.This mak es them particularly susceptible to brake fading, something that both disk and calliper brakes don’t have a great problem with. In adverse weather conditions, the drum brake can show of its unique asset both the disc and calliper brake does not have. The Drum brake is fully enclosed, and therefore is not affected by rain, mud and other substances that may impede the frictional force exerted on the wheel. 12: Disc brake to be fitted to a Mountain Bike 12: Disc brake to be fitted to a Mountain Bike Disc Brakes are very popular on Mountain Bikes, which require thick wheels and are often subject to muddy terrain.Because the disc brake is mounted to the hub, a certain clearance from the ground is maintained at all times, generally keeping mud from obstructing the pads and disc. If water is to get stuck under a disc brake’s pad, there are generally holes through which it can quickly escape so to not compromise the friction produced in the system. Touring bikes have been know n to prefer disc brakes to types of calliper brakes, as the long journeys and significant use of brakes would not wear out the rim as they do using a calliper brakes system.The typical Disc Brake system is a very adaptable structure as it can perform better than Calliper Brakes in the mud, rain and snow as the coefficient of friction isn’t as at risk of contaminants disturbing the system. Disc brakes are also less prone to brake fading when subject to long periods of braking pressure, as they are very good at cooling down compared to drum and calliper brakes. A disk brake is also less likely to cause a popped tyre, with the heat not being dissipated directly into the tyre as in calliper brakes. 14: Shimano Bicycle Caliper Brake 14: Shimano Bicycle Caliper BrakeCalliper Brakes are generally the most common of the braking system for the everyday bicycle. Excluding the original design quality of the equipment and materials, calliper brakes are often affected mostly by the moistu re that is on the rim, as that will significantly hinder the ability to stop. Tyre thickness can also pose a problem to the calliper braking system, as the arms will be under greater flexion, thus lessening brake effectiveness. However, the Calliper brake system is effective on the average road bike and is the simplest and easiest to perform maintenance on of all three designs.This system also has a very big ‘mechanical advantage’, meaning very little effort has to be put in by the rider in order to properly apply the brakes. Calliper brakes are also by far the lightest and least expensive, making them popular among non-competitive riders, with most road bikes still come fitted with this system. Performance: The performance of a braking system is based on the raw stopping power and ability for one single use. This comparison will be based purely on stopping power and performance, disregarding things such as; * Weight of system * Weather/Terrain Brake Fading * Heat Dissi pation The Disc Brake is said to have the greatest stopping power, and therefore provides least stopping distance, of all three systems. This means they are often fitted to competitive riders bikes, because they are often going a higher speed and therefore need the greater stopping power that the disc brake provides compared to that of the drum and calliper braking system. In a report By Guy Kesteven for UK organisation ‘What Mountain Bike’, a variety of disc brakes were tested from many different manufacturers to test the power of each system.The test was performed as follows: â€Å"All the brakes were tested with a 180mm rotor and a 50Nm force on the lever (1N is the amount of force required to accelerate 1kg at 1m/s2), with the stock pads. To fully bed in the rotors and pads, the brakes were given 60 one-second pulls at 15km/h, followed by 30 two-second pulls at 20km/h. After a 30-second cooling-down period, the testing began. With the wheel spinning at 30km/h, each brake was applied for three seconds and then left to recover for 10 seconds. This cycle was repeated 15 times. The results were then averaged out to provide a single power rating. – Guy Kesteven; What Mountain Bike. After the test had been completed, the Formula R0 disc braking system had the greatest power of all 33 parts tested. It was found to have a power of 124 Nm when stopping, which is equal to 12. 645 kilogram-force meters. Calliper Brakes have one of the best designs in terms of their Mechanical Advantage. Very little effort has to be put in by the user to have the brakes perform as well as possible. Disc Brakes have an overall stopping power advantage over the general calliper brake, however some versions of the calliper brake have a greater stopping power than the drum brake design.With the huge variety of designs in the field of Calliper Brakes, stopping power can range from quite poor to very high. An example of this stopping power is the test carried out by Mat t Pacocha in the June 2009 edition of Velonews. A group of Bicycle Calliper brakes were to be tested to measure their stopping power: â€Å"This test was performed on a flat, windless road. For each brake, the rider accelerated to 40km/hr then grabbed the brakes — hard — on a pre-determined mark and recorded stopping distance.This test was performed 10 times for each brake, and the stopping distances were averaged. † – Matt Pacocha; Velonews. At the end of the test, the Shimano 7900 dual pivot calliper brake was found to have the greatest braking force, with the shortest stopping distance of 7. 18 metres. It was also found that the average deceleration of the bicycle was 8. 59 m/s2, whilst the greatest deceleration was recorded at 10. 35 m/s2 (Over 1 G-force). Drum Brakes are less powerful than the disc brake, and therefore have a greater stopping distance in normal, controlled conditions.Compared to Calliper brakes it is not clear-cut which has a better stopping distance, as there are many different versions of each type of brake to choose from. However, it is said that the modern drum brake is able to provide a much smoother, more reliable deceleration than the majority of calliper brake systems. Features: Each of these braking systems have their own features which help to enhance the ability to stop the movement of a bicycle. Whilst some of these advantages are purely performance based, others may have features that are cost-effective or maintenance friendly.One of the most important features in the success of the disc brake is its ability to dissipate the heat generated from the frictional forces. Disc brakes are out in the open air with a large surface area, meaning the cooling process happens more quickly and efficiently. Another important, yet perhaps underestimated feature of the disc brake is it’s positioning. Disc brakes are well away from the tyres and ground, thus creating distance between the braking system and m ud, dirt and other potential environmental interferences.Drum brakes however, are certainly the best in resisting those environmental factors. As the braking mechanism itself is housed within a shell of sorts, no amount of weather can have an adverse effect on the ability of the drum brake to perform its task. Once installed, drum brake system is also very low maintenance, and often doesn’t have to be managed again until a new wheel is needed. Despite this, Drum Brakes can be a hassle if maintenance must occur, as they can be difficult to access because of the shell it is housed in. Calliper Brakes are generally the cheapest of the three designs available.As they are often mounted to the bicycle at one single point, accessing the brake pads and cables is made much easier than the other systems. Another feature that is useful on the majority of road bikes with calliper brake systems is the quick release mechanism. This feature is designed as to loosen the brake system enough s o the wheel can be removed without having to mess around with loosening brake cables as well. Materials used for construction and frictional components Brake Pads are perhaps the most important part of both the Disc and Calliper braking systems.The brake pad is generally made from a product that possesses a moderately high coefficient of friction, but also depends on the materials ability to absorb and dissipate the heat produced in the process of braking. If these criteria can be met without having a negative impact on overall braking performance, an appropriate material has been found. In years gone by, an asbestos based compound was the most common material from which brake pads would be made, however because of the toxic nature of asbestos that practise no longer allowed. The modern bicycle Brake Pad is enerally made from rubber compound. The rims on bicycles directly affect the performance of the Calliper braking Systems. Some bike rims today are made from an aluminium alloy, w hich provide a coefficient of friction when in contact with the rubber composite of the brake pads of approximately 0. 4. Other materials, such as various Carbon steels, have recently become more popular as they are light and aerodynamic. However, they do not provide a very good frictional force between the everyday brake pad, and so other materials are often preferred by the everyday cyclist.Calliper brake systems also have brake cables that transfer the motion actuated by the rider from the brake lever to the braking system itself. These brake cables are made from thin wire steel that has been braided together to improve its tensile strength and ability to perform. The Disc in the Disk brake system is an integral part of the bicycles stopping power. The Brake pad (rubber composite) must have a high enough coefficient of friction when applied to the disc to halt movement with damaging the surface.To provide this, the disc is made from metal, with stainless steel being popular among mountain bikes. A brake drum has an outer shell in which the braking system itself is contained. This outer shell is subject to weathering from the outside and heat from within. With this in mid, cast-iron is generally the material chosen as it can cope with these two burdens other materials could falter under. The shoes of the Drum brake are the parts that push outwards to produce the frictional forces needed in the brake design.These brake shoes are generally made when two pieces of sheet steel are welded together. After they are welded together, the frictional material known as brake lining is connected on to the sheet steel with either adhesive resin or other means such as a rivet. It is also important to remember that the rubber composite of bicycle tyres also has frictional forces acting from the material it is rolling on. For instance, if a cyclist was riding along a concrete surface, the coefficient of friction would be 0. 8, much higher than that of rubber or brake lining to metal (0. ). Thankfully, the relatively light weight of the human body – compared to the force exerted by our mechanical braking systems – allows us to still move along these surfaces. (FF = ? RN) How they differ from comparable car systems On most bicycles, the braking systems installed will often be very simplistic and just there to do the job. Most will have the same type of brake on both front and back wheel, with the braking of the bike mostly relying on human action with levers and cables, as well as the mechanical advantage some of these designs provide.However, when upgrading these systems to work on a much heavier vehicle such as a car, many things can change. It is not uncommon to have different types of brakes on the front and back set of wheels, and hydraulics become a very important part of stopping your car. In today’s modern designs, at least one set Disk Brakes are fitted to almost every car on the road. Disk Brakes are the most effective type of braking system that we could fit to our cars, however, it is still common for the front brakes to be disk, but the rear to be drum brakes.Drum brakes can be used as the parking brake, and by fitting them to the rear of the car, companies can save money by not having to install another braking system. The Disc Brake in a car is obviously in a much larger scale than that of a bicycle. Despite this, the two systems are very similar in the basic design concept. Strength of this part however, must be much greater when installed in an Automobile. Winnard & Sons Ltd, a company based in the UK that deals with commercial vehicle braking components, has a guideline to the tensile strength on the brake contact surfaces of their products. Guideline tensile strength on test pieces machined from brake drum/disc contact faces: – 241 N/mm2 European Requirement minimum – 35,000 psi Amercian Requirement minimum† – Winnard & Sons Ltd: Brake Disc and Brake Drum Material S pecification The materials used in the brake pads of both the disk and calliper brakes are different when they are made for cars. When halting the momentum of a car, the brake pad is put under a much greater force than when stopping a bicycle. This is due to a number of things, including the speed at which the car is travelling and the mass of the vehicle, both of which are generally higher in cars.The metals used are usually steel, copper or brass fibres, as well as a mixture of many different composites including – graphite, iron oxide, glass fibres, phosphate and rubber – that are bonded together with a resin of phenol formaldehyde. The metals that are added help to increase life span by improving the ability of the compound to dissipate heat at high speeds. The complexity of all three designs is greatly heightened when moving from bicycle to motor vehicle. One aspect of Motor Vehicle braking that creates extra pressure is the hydraulic action of the brakes.Hydrauli cs rely on brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling unit to the brake mechanism. In a motor vehicle, drum brakes often serve a specific purpose that they would be useless for when installed on a bicycle – the park brake. As I stated earlier, these Drum brakes are fitted to the rear wheels and can save companies significant amounts of money by not having to install a completely separate parking brake. As this asset of an emergency brake is vital to a larger system, not only are they more common in cars, but they must also be bigger and exert a greater force.These three types of braking systems hold the same principles when applied to a greater size vehicle in a motor car, however many things must change to accommodate these increased forces. Conclusion: Each of these three braking systems are often used by a specific type of bicycle with a specific need. An example of this is Disc brakes being preferred by those who ride eith er Mountain or Touring bikes. As shown by the two field tests referenced in this report, completed by Velonews and What Mountain Bike, both Calliper brakes and disc brakes both have a very big potential to have immense stopping power.But to have that stopping power, the proper materials with appropriate frictional forces would have had to been in place. At the absolute top of the line models, every little detail is considered, i. e. : * * Weight * Frictional Forces * Materials * Angle * Type of System It was also discovered that as we transition from bicycle to car braking systems, many things must be altered. Although the basic engineering principles are often the same, there are many variables that are altered to improve to braking systems to cope with the extra forces exerted by a motor vehicle.For example, the change in materials of brake pads to accommodate the much more intense levels of heat being produced when heavy braking is taking place. I believe this report reveals that the braking system you own can make a big difference on effectiveness and performance. The features, materials used and frictional forces in play can all be positive or negative depending on the type of riding taking place. Recommendations: I recommend selecting one of these three types of braking systems based on what their use in the long run will be.If you plan to use the bike for competitive purposes when increased stopping power is necessary, I would suggest purchasing a Disc brake system. However, if the bike is simply for leisure, perhaps the more cost effective Calliper Brake system would better suit. If you are planning to ride in muddy areas where the possibility of substances interfering with the frictional forces throughout the braking system, the fully enclosed drum brake system could be the appropriate option. However, if you wish to simply have the greatest overall stopping power, I would recommend a Disk Brake system be installed. The most mportant thing to remember is that every situation is unique, and to do research in order to attain the correct brake for your needs. Bibliography: * http://www. edmunds. com/car-technology/brakes-drum-vs-disc. html * http://www. bikewebsite. com/bicycle-bra. htm * http://www. jaxquickfit. com. au/brakes * http://www. exploratorium. edu/cycling/brakes2. html * http://bikeadvice. in/drum-brakes/ * http://www. sheldonbrown. com/gloss_dr-z. html#drum * http://www. livestrong. com/article/340500-adjust-bicycles-drum-brakes/ * http://www. skyshop. com. au/LANDING. pdf * http://www. razyguyonabike. com/doc/page/? page_id=8174 * http://sheldonbrown. com/calipers. html * http://www. bicyclestore. com. au/parts/brakes/calliper-brakes. html * http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=57299 * http://www. bike-riding-guide. com/bicycle-brakes. html * http://eecycleworks. com/VNJune%20BrakeTest. pdf * http://auto. howstuffworks. com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-parts/brake-calipers2. htm * http://urbanvelo. org/torker-graduate -commuter-bike-review/ * http://www. cycle-systems-academy. co. uk/index. php/topics/brakes/brakes-theory/mechanics-of-brakes/mechanics-of-the-system? tart=5 * http://www. physicsforums. com/showthread. php? t=158582 * http://www. longjohn. org/bremsen/bremsen_en. html * http://www. abcarticledirectory. com/Article/Bicycle-Brakes-Guide/786406 * http://www. cdxetextbook. com/brakes/brake/disc/brakefrictionmat. html * http://www. bikeforums. net/archive/index. php/t-302000. html * http://www. alibaba. com/showroom/aluminum-bike-rim. html * http://cars. about. com/od/thingsyouneedtoknow/a/discvsdrum. htm * http://www. fezzari. com/support/rb_brakes; * http://bicycletutor. com/sidepull-caliper-brakes/ * http://www. icycling. com/bikes-gear/bikes-and-gear-features/big-squeeze-road-disc-brakes * http://www. unitconversion. org/moment-of-force/newton-meters-to-kilogram-force-meters-conversion. html * http://www. bikeradar. com/mtb/gear/category/components/disc-brake-systems/product/review- formula-ro-12-46051 * http://www. winnard. co. uk/downloads/twcbd1_material_specification_2011. pdf * http://www. autoshop101. com/forms/brake03. pdf * http://www. pbr. com. au/technical/documents/hydraulicbrakesystemsguide. pdf * http://www. tcbbrakesystems. com/hdopenroad-text. html * http://www. sae. rg/events/bce/presentations/2009/okamura. pdf Appendix: Braking Power test – Matt Pacocha, Velonews: June 2009 Braking Power test – Matt Pacocha, Velonews: June 2009 What Mountain Bike UK: Calliper Brake Power Testing ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. edmunds. com/car-technology/brakes-drum-vs-disc. html [ 2 ]. http://www. bikewebsite. com/bicycle-bra. htm [ 3 ]. http://www. jaxquickfit. com. au/brakes [ 4 ]. http://www. jaxquickfit. com. au/brakes [ 5 ]. http://www. exploratorium. edu/cycling/brakes2. html [ 6 ]. http://bikeadvice. in/drum-brakes/ [ 7 ]. http://www . heldonbrown. com/gloss_dr-z. html#drum [ 8 ]. http://www. livestrong. com/article/340500-adjust-bicycles-drum-brakes/ [ 9 ]. http://www. exploratorium. edu/cycling/brakes2. html [ 10 ]. http://sheldonbrown. com/sturmey-archer_3-spd. html [ 11 ]. http://www. skyshop. com. au/LANDING. pdf [ 12 ]. http://www. mountainbikestoday. com/mountain-bike-resources/should-my-mountain-bike-have-disc-brakes; [ 13 ]. http://www. crazyguyonabike. com/doc/page/? page_id=8174 [ 14 ]. http://sheldonbrown. com/calipers. html [ 15 ]. http://www. bicyclestore. com. au/parts/brakes/calliper-brakes. html [ 16 ]. ttp://www. fezzari. com/support/rb_brakes; [ 17 ]. http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=57299 [ 18 ]. http://www. bike-riding-guide. com/bicycle-brakes. html [ 19 ]. http://www. bikeradar. com/mtb/fitness/article/how-we-test-hydraulic-disc-brakes-24345/ [ 20 ]. http://www. unitconversion. org/moment-of-force/newton-meters-to-kilogram-force-meters-conversion. html [ 21 ]. http://www. cycle-sys tems-academy. co. uk/index. php/topics/brakes/brakes-theory/mechanics-of-brakes/mechanics-of-the-system? start=5 [ 22 ]. http://eecycleworks. com/VNJune%20BrakeTest. pdf [ 23 ]. http://eecycleworks. om/VNJune%20BrakeTest. pdf [ 24 ]. http://auto. howstuffworks. com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-parts/brake-calipers2. htm [ 25 ]. http://urbanvelo. org/torker-graduate-commuter-bike-review/ [ 26 ]. http://www. physicsforums. com/showthread. php? t=158582 [ 27 ]. http://www. longjohn. org/bremsen/bremsen_en. html [ 28 ]. http://www. tcbbrakesystems. com/hdopenroad-text. html [ 29 ]. http://www. abcarticledirectory. com/Article/Bicycle-Brakes-Guide/786406 [ 30 ]. http://bicycletutor. com/sidepull-caliper-brakes/ [ 31 ]. http://www. cdxetextbook. com/brakes/brake/disc/brakefrictionmat. html [ 32 ]. ttp://www. alibaba. com/showroom/aluminum-bike-rim. html [ 33 ]. Paul L. Copeland, Engineering Studies – The Definitive guide [ 34 ]. http://www. bicycling. com/bikes-gear/bikes-and-gear-featu res/big-squeeze-road-disc-brakes [ 35 ]. http://www. bicycling. com/bikes-gear/bikes-and-gear-features/big-squeeze-road-disc-brakes [ 36 ]. http://www. autoshop101. com/forms/brake03. pdf [ 37 ]. Paul L. Copeland, Engineering Studies – The Definitive guide [ 38 ]. Paul L. Copeland, Engineering Studies – The Definitive guide [ 39 ]. http://cars. about. com/od/thingsyouneedtoknow/a/discvsdrum. htm [ 40 ].

Principles of managing information and producing documents Essay

Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 Sections. Name: Sylvia Pratt Section 1 – Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. The two different information technologies used are: 1. Spreadsheet 2. Word Processing 2. What are the benefits to businesses (and others) of using information technology for doing work tasks? Spreadsheet provides accurate calculation Section 2 – Understand how to manage electronic and paper-based information 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines when researching information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your answer. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. 3a) For your own organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When following the procedures outlined in Question 3a above, are there any legal requirements to consider? 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information? Section 3 – Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. 2. Use the table below to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents When they are used Section 4 – Know the procedures to be followed when producing documents 1. In most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? 2. Businesses will spend time checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this done? b) Why is this done? 3. Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that can be produced from notes and include a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Once you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Android Applications with Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Phones

Every company is willing to provide new features and easy to use interface to their customers. But perfection is a thing which comes with time. This paper will include various features, advantages, lacking of major mobile operating systems which includes iOS by Apple, Android by Google and Symbian of Nokia. With the analysis, I have found that once a major market share holder Symbian is now on a verge to be history, while new operating systems are at a boom due to new technology and features, iOS has still been able to conserve its market share with frequent updations. KEYWORDS: Android, Symbian, iOS, Mobile Operating System I. With increasing craze of mobile phones in customers, we often see a wave of confusion for selection of best phone in their minds. Hundreds of brands with different operating systems, providing tons of features to customers seems to be a mind boggling market. A mind-boggling bazaar of competing manufacturers and overlapping technologies -William D. Marbach Competition in mobile industry is increasing day by day. Every mobile company wants to provide best features in their mobiles During 1940s Motorola developed a two way Walkie-Talkie and a two way radio for military which is very big in size. What is an Operating System? An OS is the most critical software element on any running processor-based device[2]. The OS manages the hardware and software resources within a device and performs and manages basic tasks such as the recognition of input from the device keyboard and generation of output to the device’s screen. It also ensures that different programs running at the same time do not interfere with each other. It is responsible for the management of memory and for communication within the device. OSs may be extended to add additional complexity and hence functionality to the code. In the mobile world, the more complex OSs will contain, for example, UI (User Interface) elements as these become increasingly important as the devices become more complex. The OS is purposely hidden from the user who, as a general rule, will have no direct interaction with it. It is, rather, a base onto which the applications required by the user are loaded. The OS is not only a key element in terms of the tasks it performs but the choice of OS will constrain or enable the functionality of the end device in two key respects; firstly that which is technically possible with any given OS and secondly that which is available, i. e. what applications have been developed for that OS. The OS, provides a software platform on top of which other application programs can run. The application programs have to be written for a particular OS so the choice of OS, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications that can be offered on the end device. The OS also provides a consistent interface for applications, regardless of the hardware it is loaded on. Communication between the OS and the applications is done through an API (Application Program Interface) which allows a software developer to write an application for one device and have a high level of confidence that it will run on another running the same OS. III. Â  The Mobile OSs [4]can be differentiated, based on the existing operating systems used by computers. a. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) Real-Time Operating System which responds to inputs, immediately and generates results, instantly. This type of system is usually used to control scientific devices and similar small instruments where memory and resources are crucial and constricted. This type of devices have very limited or zero-end user utilities, so more effort goes into making the OS really memory efficient and fast (less coding), so as to minimize the execution time ,in turn saving on power as well. e. g. : 8086 etc. b. Single user, single tasking operation system This type of OS is better version of Real time OS, where one user can do effectively one thing at a time, which means that doing more than one thing at a time is difficult in this type of OS.

Workers Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workers Compensation - Essay Example Indeed who would pray for such misfortune occurring to least of all, a worker whose only means of income arises from the fruit of his toil --The dream of longevity is owed to the chance of continuity of life and one's job. The Federal Employment Compensation Act made available the protection for disabilities of workers while on duty, and the State Laws on Compensation covers a wider framework beneficial for the working class and their families. Injuries and disabilities incurred while doing one's work becomes highly compensable without numerous demands for presentment or litigation. Injured employees may claim reimbursements of his medical expense during a disability. He may also claim 2/3 of his normal monthly salary during his illness and more if he has dependents. Survivors of deceased workers who are killed while on the job may claim under this law with the proper agencies. Soldiers in battle die as heroes and are remembered for their courage and bravery. Leaving the families to fend for themselves adds insult to the family's injury and creates a sense of dread among the military. The Worker's Compensation Law has now made it ultra-possible for families to refrain from suffering such neglect and hardship. Burn-outs will be minimized due to the knowledge that no matter what happens; life still goes on for the living. .

Peaceful Coexistence Policy and the Changing Personalities in Soviet Essay

Peaceful Coexistence Policy and the Changing Personalities in Soviet Leadership - Essay Example However, not all policies resulted in failure and devastating suffering (Allen 1964). One notable exception was the policy of Peaceful Coexistence instituted by Khrushchev. Until then, the country had been led by Josef Stalin. Under Stalin’s leadership, many oppressive and rigid policies were put in place. After his death, there was a significant incentive to revise them as they had weakened Soviet standing, both abroad and at home. The United States had outpaced the Soviet Union in the nuclear arms race (Mc Dougall 2000). The Soviet Union was surrounded by United States bases located all over Europe. As a result, the Soviet Union had to buy time so as to catch up with its rival. Peaceful Coexistence was the perfect resort. By declaring its interest in peace, the Soviet Union could fend off any likely attacks from the United States at its weakest hour. By no means was Khrushchev a radical departure from Stalin. However, small changes took place, and they were the embodiment of the policy of Peaceful Coexistence. These small changes and how the person at the top helped brought them about shall be at the centre of this writing. Stalin was a dictator. He used all means, mostly brutal, to achieve his selfish aims. He eliminated enemies at an alarming rate and with great ferocity. Its worth pointing out that the name Stalin means ‘man of steel’. His brutality was evident in the way that he expelled Trotsky from the Communist party. He subsequently organized for his murder even while in exile, in Mexico City. He did not believe in political competition (Allen 1964). He eliminated several of his close allies. When his son tried to commit suicide unsuccessfully all he could say was, â€Å"the idiot can not even shoot straight†. From this character, it would also be fair to assume that the Soviet Union would also take on a more aggressive attitude to international affairs. On the political front, the Soviet Union under Stalin dealt brutally wi th Poland. They corrupted the politics of Soviet member countries like Poland and Ukraine. Generally, the Soviet Union under Stalin was a reflection of the man himself, brutal. Enter Khrushchev; an extremely different man when compared to Stalin. He could tolerate a little competition. He closed the Gulag labor camps which had thrived under Stalin. He criticized Stalin as a brutal despot. His preference to indulge in negotiations is well documented. Taking after his character, the Soviet Union also adopted a more conciliatory tone with regard to international conflicts. When the fate of East Berlin was at stake, he issued a sixth month deadline which he subsequently withdrew in the interests of peace. His approach to the Cuban Missile Crisis is also worth mention. In the depth of the Cold War, he clandestinely stacked nuclear weapons in Cuba, a few miles off the United States border (Mc Dougall 2000). After this plan was unmasked by the Kennedy administration, he respectfully abided by the truce. These differing approaches to politics in the Soviet Union directly derive from the leader at the helm. This is very much in consonance with the Soviet maxim that the revolution begins at the top. With regards to economic affairs, the approach also depended on the attitude and character of the leader at the helm. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union depended entirely on agriculture. It was Stalin’