Therapeutic Value of Art and History of Art Therapy

Therapeutic Value of Art and History of Art Therapy Therapy Emotions Artistic Becoming An Art Therapist â€Å"Art therapy is a type of psychotherapy that encourages the expression of emotions through artistic activities such as painting, drawing or sculpture; psychotherapy based on the belief that the creative process involved in the making of art is healing and life-enhancing† (Webster’s Dictionary). Art therapy opens a creative world for those who cannot express the way they feel by use of verbal communication. To some people, are not enough. Expression through painting, sculpting, and drawing assists one in overcoming the effects of traumatic or unpleasant happenings in his life. Art therapy is a field that is beneficial to people of all ages, gender, emotional status, or mental ability. It is necessary to examine the knowledge of products resulting from and various methods utilized in a variety of disciplines in order to fully understand the vast benefits of implementing art therapy (Repko, 2005). It is used for a wide variety of conditions such as: the terminally ill, mentally challenged, emotionally disturbed, those afflicted with eating disorders, the abused both physically and verbally, and many more. The goal of Art Therapy is free and open expression, emotional well-being, mental stability and well-balanced coping skills for the client. In the profession of Psychology, use of Art Therapy is considered a most crucial component in evaluating, diagnosing and treating patients. Analysis of a persons psyche and mental health is often difficult with the single use of verbal communication. The use of art in healing dates back to the ancient drawings on walls of caves, revealing that although the profession of Art Therapy appears very young in the family of mental health disciplines it is very old and personally natural in practice. There is even evidence that the creative act of art may have prevented or forestalled more serious mental disorders for painters such as Blake, Munch or Van Gogh (McNiff, 1980). Patients who are given the opportunity to free themselves of inhibitions stemming from inner hesitations of new experiences, parental influences, cultural or economic are able to express deep fears, even fantasies or wishes through the expression of art. It is the symbolic language of images that initiates the surfacing of feelings and emotions that one often cannot or dares not to express verbally (Meltzer, 1948). As people outgrow inhibitions their personalities are freed and they can express and project feelings as well as face events that once disturbed them. In therapy, the developmental stages of art expression go from quite restricted and simplistic stereotypic models to images with actual faces or events expressed. Frustrated or once disassociated personalities are released and reintegrated through the use of art expression (McNiff, 1948). Art is often neglected as a serious academic subject in educational institutions. However, with further investigation it can compliment even the most difficult educational programs. Art is important to every student, but especially in programs educating handicapped or exceptional children. J. Dewey expressed in his drive to develop humanness in exceptional children that â€Å"†¦artistic activity is the way in which one may gain in strength and stature, the belief in his own powers, and the self respect which makes artistic activity constructive in the growth of personality† (Dewey, 1970 as sited in Integration of Art Education into Special Education Programs, 1976, n.p.). Curiosity is emerging about the therapeutic values of art, where once there was an emphasis on cognition art is becoming recognized as beneficial in the development and growth of individuals. The goal of both art therapist and art teacher is for an individual to realize his full ego. Teachers and therapists strive to master techniques which affect and develop the inner psyche of students. Margaret Naumburg was the first educator who had a sophisticated understanding of the importance of art in education. She incorporated free art expression into her work and published writings about her experiences. Teachers joined clinicians and educators in institutions dealing with handicapped, the bereaved and the mentally ill (Rubin, 1980). Intense and long-term education with clinical practice is required for an Art Therapist to obtain certification. The very nature of altering one’s personality or well-being in therapy necessitates the seriousness in consideration of the academic and practical preparation of an art therapist. The American Art Therapy Association was formed to regulate and determine and delineate the degree of education and training of art therapists. Standards of registration include strict guidelines with requirements including a master’s program with a highly valued emphasis on graduate training under the supervision and tutelage of art therapists and psychotherapists within clinical settings (McNiff, 1980). A wide variety of disciplines could be examined to understand the value of Art Therapy. Some are: sociology, psychology, economics, artand education. The scope of this paper will focus onhow art therapy is used in analyzing the psychological health of patients and treatment of; the development of individuality through art incorporated into education; and the aesthetic value of expression through the creative act of art. The most critical disciplines to determine the benefits of Art Therapy incorporated into its goal are psychology, art, and education. Examining the perspective of psychology will allow understanding of how a person can be evaluated for emotional and mental health, and methods of treatment prescribed to achieve the ultimate of balanced well-being through the use of the creative act. Psychology is the science of the status of the mind and it processes. Many conditions and happenings in life affect an individual’s physical and mental health. It is imperative to evaluate and prescribe the most beneficial methods of treatment to achieve this balance of mental status. Examining the perspective of art will reveal how expression of emotion and experience within the freedom of verbal communication has a healing affect on an individual and can rid him of past traumas or harmful experiences that prevent ultimate health. Art is the production of what is appealing, considered beautiful or that which is of more than ordinary significance. The avenue of communication through this type of creative expression enhances all individuals who utilize it. Not only is aesthetic value received through artistic expression, rather the therapeutic value far outweighs the former benefits. Finally, in looking at the perspective of education may explain why there is a necessity of years of academic instruction and clinical practice to obtain the certification of art therapy. Education is considered the intellectual preparation for mature life through acquiring knowledge. Its goal is to develop the power to reason based on knowledge and instruction that is imparted to the student. The profession of Art Therapy requires many years of academic study as well as clinical study and internship to obtain certification. Intense focus is on the importance of proper study and training to perform art therapy with an individual. Research of articles, journals and literary information pertaining to each discipline will be conducted. Products of the three disciplines mentioned concerning art therapy will be discussed such as American Art Therapy Association standards and requirements, artistic work of individuals before and after treatment, and exhibits of artistic expression from a variety of painters. The effectiveness of art therapy will also be revealed through drawings and paintings exhibited by different artists and individuals. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the therapeutic value of free expression in drawing, sculpting and the use of images; how art expands the imagination and educational scope of children and adults; and how the development of personality and character is affected when allowed expression through non- verbal means. By looking at similarities in the end product of individuals through various disciplines, the benefits of implementing art therapy will be revealed. Background Art Therapy (All in bold will be defined in Appendix A) began its history in the 1930s in America because of the efforts of Margaret Naumburg. In thirty years it developed into seven courses taught in five institutions by four art therapists including Ms. Naumburg. By 1971 four programs offered master’s degrees in art therapy. These degrees were offered in universities, a medical college and a college known for its fine arts studies. Single courses in art therapy were offered across the country in academic institutions as supplemental education. The historical background of art therapy began very slowly with seemingly nothing happening and then it developed with great speed (Agell, 1980). In the early development of art therapy professionals used it as case work for treating children with behavioral problems in residencies and special schools, hospitalized patients and private clients. â€Å"Art therapists who, convinced of the special qualities inherent in art, persuaded others – artists, teachers, and clinicians – that art expression provided an enduring, moving, and sometimes exquisite message of human experience† (Agell, 1980, p. 9). During the pioneering days, many therapists had been doing art therapy but didn’t know what to call the process or results of something special that was happening in their work. Elinor Utman founded the American Journal of Art Therapy in 1961. This publication provided information regarding the therapeutic use of art in professions. It also enabled art therapists who had formerly been isolated to be unified. This ultimately led to the founding of the American Art Therapy Association (AATA) in 1969 that gave therapists a structure for promoting their field of work, and its ultimate priority was to support the training development of art therapists. Two documents, Guidelines for ArtTherapy Training and Guidelines were created to provide the fundamental standards for training and the educational level required for certification of art therapy. It was determined that professional certification should be with a Master’s degree with recommended didactic and practicum experience (Agell, 1980). Art therapy has developed into four categories: recreational, occupation, general therapeutic and actual art therapy. These types of therapy are typically used with a variety of patients; the most intensive application of the therapy was used on institutionalized tubercular patients. Handicrafts and major arts were used to aid in the depression caused by elongated institutionalization. Physically handicapped patients were trained how to use other limbs or a different set of learning functions. Neurologically impaired patients such as those with cerebral palsy, mongoloid or the blind experienced the benefit of release or development of a satisfactory degree of intellectual functioning through the creative act of art. Those with mental and psychologically deviant conditions experienced art therapy as a therapeutic process and sometimes as a curative process. Art therapy was used for the occupational benefit as well as for enjoyment. â€Å"With the retarded and pathological child we have begun to realize the great help that can be gained from art psychotherapy in the youngest age group (Harms, 1975, p. 242). Research in progress shows that we ought first to distinguish between intellectual and perceptive learning. An impaired child will comprehend a branch of green leaves or a flower much more readily if it is not only explained to him but if he also has drawn it with crayons. The creative method of comprehending is not only much simpler but also reaches deeper into the apperceptive nature of the young child† (Harms, 1975, p.242). Development of Art therapy is used for people with health issues. Anna, age twelve, is a patient who came to treatment after having suffered many traumatic experiences due to a heart defect. She endured five major cardiac surgeries and had many problems that compounded her condition other than the physical difficulties. Having been sexually abused by a family member she exhibited difficulty coping with her feelings about the issues in her life causing stomach aches and a lack in friendships. Anna’s treatment included art therapy and resulted in better management of her anxiety and depression. A part of her treatment was to create a collage to draw out the subconscious feelings she had reached regarding her life issues. The focus of treatment and healing was her serious medical condition along with abuses. Anna’s depiction of herself in the collage was a figure with a large head and small body shown in the center of the paper. She had cut out magazine and placed the â€Å"good† describing herself on the right of her head and to the left, the â€Å"bad†. It was determined that she could not see both sides as a part of the whole head indicating she viewed herself as divided. It was only through art instead of traditional verbal therapy that this depiction of self was revealed. Though she was initially unaware of the divided view of herself through art therapy she reached a measure of healing resulting in healthier coping skills. This was confirmed by the change of images in her art, proving the benefit of art in treatment as well as recovery (Lees, 2003-2005). Victims of violent physical abuse also benefit from art therapy in that they are able to express in images horrible experiences that are either no longer conscious or are too painful to verbalize. As a sexual abuse survivor Susan exhibited a common theme of confusion of feelings and devaluation of self that is often only revealed through art. Art therapy reveals through images the impact the violence of sexual abuse creates. The first drawing of Susan reflected her pain with a single tear on an expressionless face. Her torment was silent, but through continued use of art she was able to express her suppressed emotions and the feelings that overwhelmed her. Progressive pictures depicted images of her feelings of loneliness and helplessness. Art allowed Susan to step outside herself and view what her feelings look like. This was a step used for her to learn how to own her true feelings. Through art she was able to see herself as a grown woman with an inner child. The colors in her art turned from black and colorless to vibrant and vivid. Emotions of anger appeared after the fifth drawing and as art drawings continued through treatment deeper emotions were depicted in the images and color selection. Through art therapy Susan was able to work through the steps of healing which brought hope of a new life without the pain from past experiences (Lees, 2003-2005). A third use of art therapy is with people who have challenges living in the normal realm of life. Children with autism benefit from art therapy by the opportunity to express and communicate with the world through images since they often cannot verbally. Sung, a Korean five year old girl, was filmed with a 35 mm camera to determine the benefit of art in autistic children. In her first session she became familiarized with the supplies used in art – sketchbook and a box of bright wax craypas. Her first drawings were banana-like arcs with heavy lines or large solid dots also containing rectangular patches. Other forms come and go in her depictions. Eventually she became â€Å"mesmerized by activity which fills her entire visual field and is absorbed by the deepening color and her rapidly moving hand seen from scant inches away† (Kellman, 2004, p.13). Sung’s art developed into additional shapes and a common images of heads with big solid eye dots and facial features. As time went on her pictures became more detailed including bodies with clothes and thinner lines. Paints and origami were introduced which developed dexterity. She was able to develop keen vision with spatial capacities as well as the control of fine motor skills. Her art revealed that autistic children frequently â€Å"focus on the geometric structure of a visual scene and on the forms and structures of objects themselves in their drawings† (Kellman, 2004, p.16). Sung was developing her available skills through art. Art therapy has developed into an essential and beneficial form of treatment and therapy. The above three scenarios prove the variety of uses in the expressive language of art. People with physical, mental or emotional difficulties are able to heal or develop with the use of art expression. The extent of healing/development can be measured through the progression of detail in the images. The scope of treatment is determined by the extent or type of art medium necessary. From its beginning in the 1930s, art therapy has developed and become recognized as an authentic therapy to assist people through a variety of disciplines. The objective of this paper is to explain how to become a successful art therapist by showing examples of treatments and giving the guidelines of the educational process. Integrating several disciplines forms a holistic, comprehensive understanding of how to accomplish this profession by using the Comprehensive Perspectives Model (Repko, 2005). Psychology not only benefits the therapist but is also the core reason patients turn to art therapy. Having a background in psychology will give an understanding of the brain and gives insights of how to cope and treat the issue. Art consists of the therapeutic process of learning to show emotion by using drawing pencils, paints and clay for sculpturing. Any individual can benefit from art alone because it subconsciously uses all the senses. Education is what ties the two above disciplines together. Psychology and art alone are very different but with having the proper process in both, together they form a creative solution for those not only in need of therapy, but for all. References Psychology Evans, R., Tissot, C. (2003). Children with autistic spectrum disorders: Perspectives on current research. Early Childhood Development and Care173, 361-362. Kellman, J. (2004).Art of a child with autism: Drawing systems and proto mathematics. Journal of Aesthetic Education. 38, 12-22. Lusebrink, V.B., (2004). Art therapy and the brain: An attempt to understand the underlying process of art expression in therapy. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association21, 125-135. Meltzer, H. (1948). Studies of the free art expression of behavior problem children and adolescents as a means of diagnosis and therapy. The Journal of Educational Psychology39(6), 382-384. Art Harms, E. (1975). The development of art therapy. Leonardo8, 214-244. Lees, L. A. (2003-2005). Lees psychological services, inc.. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from Examples of How Art Therapy Works Web site:http://heartandmindmatters.com/content/view/8/7/ Packard, S. (1980). The history of art therapy education. Art Education33, 10-13. Rubin, J.A. (1980). Art therapy today. Art Education33, 6-8. Education May, D.C. (1976). Integration of art education into special education programs. Art Education. 29, 16-20. McNiff, Shaun (1980). Art therapy registration and standards of practice. Art Education. 33, 29-30. Stoner, S.D., Drachnik, C., Jensch, K., Jungles, G., Levick, M., Minar, V. (1980). Employment, training program development, and legislative issues. 33, 25-28. Additional Sources Repko, A. (2005) Interdisciplinary practice: A student guide to research and writing. Boston: Pearson. Webster, N (1961). Websters new international dictionary. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. Figure Captions Figure 1: Untitled (Lees, 2003 2005) Figure 2: Letting Go (Lees, 2003 2005) Figure 3: Inner Child (Lees, 2003 005) Figure 4: Haling Hope (Lees, 2003 2005) Appendix A: Glossary (Preston, 2008) apperceptive able to relate new percepts to past experience art – â€Å"the means of widening the range of human experiences and creating equivalents for such experiences; an area where experience can be chosen, varied and repeated at will. In the creative act, conflict is re-experienced, resolved and integrated â€Å" (Kramer, 1958, p. 6) art therapy – therapy with the use of creative activities to express emotions enabling individuals to manage/overcome physical and mental problems. curative something that cures; a remedy. dexterity skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands or mental skill or cleverness. didactic intended to instruct; inclined to teach or moralize excessively. craypas painting media such as watercolor, temper, acrylic, oils, wax crayons

Freud’s Interpretation of Sophicles’ Oedipus Tyrannus Is Ridiculous

â€Å"Freud's interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus is ridiculous. † Discuss This essay will discuss the interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus by Freud and whether his interpretation holds any weight in using it to aid his own theory, the Oedipus complex, or whether it was a ridiculous reading of the play itself. Freud’s theory will be explored first, before moving on to look at the interpretation itself. This will give a strong sense of how the Oedipus complex comes about in a young child and help in the discussion as to whether Oedipus may have been fulfilling this unconscious desire.The discussion will also touch upon Freud’s belief that it is his own theory that explains the reason for the play’s long-lasting success. Sigmund Freud is the father of a branch of psychology that he named psychoanalysis, as well as having a tremendous influence in how modern psychology has developed since the turn of the 20th Century. Freud was born on May 6th 1856. The first reference to Freud having used Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus to help strengthen his theory of the Oedipus complex, which is explained below, and also the first mention of the Oedipus complex altogether comes in 1900 in Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams.However, in The Interpretation of Dreams the theory is clearly only just beginning to be devised by Freud as it is not until 1910 that the term ‘Oedipus compex’ is first used. To be able to understand Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus it is vital to grasp what the Oedipus complex actually refers to. Before discussing the Oedipus complex it is important to discuss the earlier psychosexual development of a child, which leads into the development of the Oedipus complex. The first two stages, or the ‘pregenital’ stages, begin very early in life.The first is the oral stage, unsurprisingly, as infants first derive sexual pleasure primarily through the mouth; such as ta sting, sucking, and making sounds. This stage is followed by the anal stage, in which the infant has discovered the anus. This stage is focused on the control of the self and gives the infant the first opportunity to gain a sense of independence and achievement through learning to control the bowel and bladder. With the next stage, the phallic stage, the Oedipus complex tarts becomes apparent. It is during this time that the infant discovers the difference between a boy and girl, the boy begins to see the father as a rival for his mother’s affections, but also develops a fear of the father becoming a rival for the mother’s affections. Alongside these developments the child finds the genital area as an erogenous zone. The ‘castration complex’ can develop throughout this period and it is important to think of the male and female child as, ‘with penis’ or ‘castrated’, relatively.Freud believed that the male child saw the female child as a castrated boy and thus the result of, what seemed to be common in the turn of the century, the threat of parents telling young boys to stop playing with their genitals or they will be cut off. The young boy now believes that the father becomes a real threat to the affections for his mother. Between the age of four and five, Freud believed that the young child develops sexual feelings for his mother, and alongside this wants to have complete possession of her and thus hostile feelings develop towards the father.However, the possibility of castration that the young boy has understood to be seen in the naked girl, poses a horrific possibility to the boy. With the loss of his penis at stake, as in the young boy’s mind this is the form of retaliation the father will take to any hostile action from the child, the boy focuses his attention towards other feminine sources for sexual satisfaction. This is the Oedipus complex laid out as unimpeded development of the young boy and variations to this development through childhood is how Freud can explain ‘abnormal’ sexual behavior.For the young girl the Oedipus complex follows a different path once the difference between boy and girl has been realised. The lack of a penis is seen, through the young girl’s eyes, as the fault of her mother, because of this the girl moves away from the need to possess the mother and begins to long for the father in a similarly sexual manner and the wish for him to impregnate her. It is the resulting child that Freud imagines can ‘cure’ the girl of her ‘penis envy’ seeing the baby as a replacement for the missing organ.For Freud however the female never really surpasses this stage of penis envy. With Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus it is the male side of the Oedipus complex that is discussed. It is obvious that Oedipus indeed performs the actions that one would attribute to the desires of the Oedipus complex being fulfilled: The murder of his father and the sexual union with his mother. Freud’s interpretation, however, seems to conveniently ignore certain aspects of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, which upon inspection provide obstacles for Freud’s theory to navigate.In the development of his theory on the Oedipus complex, Freud undertook a great deal of self analysis and as such it is questionable as to how generalised his thoughts can be used to understand the human development. Freud had seen the play Oedipus Tyrannus and; â€Å"saw himself in a very concrete sense as Oedipus. † With this in mind Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus is not lessened in itself, but this does have bearings on his interpretation as proof of the Oedipus complex. Tragedy, as in all art forms, is open to interpretation no matter what the original artist intended as the meaning.For Freud, Oedipus represents the fulfilment of the early sexual desires towards the mother and the aggressive behaviour towards the father. However, that Oedipus does not know that these two people are his biological parents seems to belittle Freud’s use of Oedipus as an exemplum for his theory. Freud’s use of Oedipus is meant to show that the Oedipus complex â€Å"transcends time and place. † That Oedipus has a lack of knowledge of his true parents doesn’t seem to affect Freud in his use of Oedipus in this way. In my opinion, however, this use is severely at odds to the point that Freud attempts to make.A child, according to the Oedipus complex, that grew up with non-biological parents should have had little to no effect upon the early stages that lead to the development of the Oedipus complex, thus little to no effect upon the complex itself. Oedipus was sent away as an infant to be killed, but instead grew up with different parents. This, therefore, gives no reason to think that the idea that Oedipus sleeping with his biological mothe r and killing his biological father is the Oedipus complex realising itself within Oedipus.The interpretation by Freud seems to have used the popularity of Oedipus Tyrannus, at the time he was developing his theory, to help in popularising and explaining the Oedipus complex. Although Freud himself seems to have believed that Oedipus was, indeed, a good example of his theory: Broken down simply his argument runs, 1. There is a universal psychological conflict (Oedipus complex), as I have discovered in my clinical experience. 2. This is confirmed by a drama which has universal effectiveness. 3.Why this drama is universally effective can only be understood if my hypothesis is correct. This reference to why the drama is universally effective is Freud’s belief that the play in itself is not that challenging a concept. According to Freud it is only if his theory is correct that the ability of Oedipus Tyrannus to have had the â€Å"universal power to move† at all. This scient ific sounding argument leaves little option for Freud to be wrong, as the play has indeed enjoyed thousands of years of success.This, however, is according to Freud. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus seems to continually leave absolutely no room for a lack of the Oedipus complex being present. Throughout Freud seems to have missed what many people miss in Oedipus Tyrannus, Some readers of the Oedipus Rex have told me that they find its atmosphere stifling and oppressive: they miss the tragic exaltation that one gets from Antigone or the Prometheus Vinctus. They miss the courage of Oedipus, he knows of his fate and yet he carries on.His blinding represents the fumbling of humanity for the truth in the world and it is in this strength portrayed Oedipus that one can gain the tragic exaltation normally expected from a Tragedy. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus cannot be said to be an outright ridiculous interpretation. It is clear to see, when looking at the Oedipus complex, that Oedipus fulfils the exact fantasy of the young ‘Freudian’ boy. The Killing of his father and having a sexual relationship with his mother, however, when the interpretation is looked at closely it is obvious to see that there are clear flaws.The process of the development of the Oedipus complex cannot occur properly if one of the parents is absent from childhood, let alone both of them. Oedipus fulfils the fantasy of the young boy, but with the ‘wrong’ parents, even though they are his biological parents. The idea that the Oedipus Tyrannus portrays the idea that no matter who, where, or when we exist, the complex is inescapable even if it remains in the subconscious ‘is’ ridiculous. If this was the case then it would have been the king and queen of Corinth that were involved in this play, Oedipus’ adoptive parents.That Freud felt a great similarity between himself and Oedipus i s not ridiculous, in and of itself, it is the belief that his own self-analytical thoughts and the actions of Oedipus are actually similar that brings the interpretation into question. Oedipus acted without knowledge of his true parents, whereas Freud knew his parents and is discussing fantasy from childhood as opposed to actual action. The idea that Freud’s theory provides a reason for Oedipus Tyrannus’ success is definitely ridiculous in nature. Oedipus is the representative of the, albeit tragic, character of perseverance.He knows his fate yet carries on to find the truth, even after he has blinded himself he does not rest until he has made it to the site where he is prophesied to come to peace. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus has many ridiculous aspects to it, but the use to which Freud uses his interpretation does retain an aspect of credibility. Bibliography * Armstrong, R. H. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ips a/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) * Gay, P the Freud reader (Vintage 1995) * Storr, A. Freud, A very short introduction (Oxford Uni. Press 1989) * Dodds, E. R.On misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex Ed. E. Segal (Oxford Uni. Press 1983) * Simon, B. And Blass, R. The development and vicissitudes of Freud’s ideas on the Oedipus complex Ed. Neu, J (Cambridge Uni. Press 1991) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Gay (1995) xxxi [ 2 ]. Gay (1995) 273 [ 3 ]. Storr (1989) 33 [ 4 ]. Storr (1989) 34 [ 5 ]. Simon and Blass (1991) 170 [ 6 ]. Simon and Blass (1991)171 [ 7 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) [ 8 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm

RICCI Surname Meaning and Family History

Derived from the Italian adjective ricco, meaning curly, the Ricci surname  and its variations are a nickname for someone with curly hair. A patronymic or plural form of Riccio. Surname Origin:  Italian Alternate Surname Spellings:  RICCIO, RIZZI, RIZZO, RIZZA, RISSO, RICCELLI, RICCIARELLI, RICCETTI, RICCINI, RICCIOLI, RICCIOLINO, RICCIULLI, RICCIOTTI, RICCIONI, RICCIUTO, RICCERI, RICCITIELLO, RIZZELLO, RIZZIELLO RIZZETTI, RIZZETTO, RIZZINI, RIZZOLI, RIZZOLA, RIZZOTTI, RIZZONI, RIZZONE, RIZZARI, RIZZATO, RIZZIERI, RIZZUTI, RISSOLO   Famous People with the Surname RICCI Christina Ricci - American actressRuggiero Ricci - American violinist Genealogy Resources for the Surname RICCI Meanings of Common Italian SurnamesUncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames. Ricci  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Ricci  family crest or coat of arms for the Ricci surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. RICCI  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Ricci  ancestors around the world. Search the archives for messages related to your Ricci ancestors, or join the group and post your own query. FamilySearch - RICCI  GenealogyExplore over 680,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Ricci  surname and variations on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. RICCI  Surname Mailing ListThis free mailing list for researchers of the Ricci  surname and its variations offers subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - RICCI  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Ricci. GeneaNet - Ricci RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Ricci  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Ricci  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Ricci  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The Rhetorical Analysis Of Aston Kutchers Speech - 716 Words

â€Å"Build your own life...find your opportunity, and always be sexy.† The general claim made by Aston Kutcher’s in his speech at the Teen Choice Awards is that to be successful you have to make your own life, work hard, and be thoughtful. He uses ethos and rhetorical devices to support his claim. His purpose is to inform in order to be inspiring. He establishes a serious but casual tone for his audience of mostly teens. Aston Kutcher establishes his ethos through a personal anecdote and personal references. In his speech Kutcher tells the audience about the various jobs he had before he started acting. This anecdote establishes his ethos as a humble person that people can relate to. He talks about the ordinary job he had like washing†¦show more content†¦By emphasizing his miss comings he is showing he has flaws and also that he is willing to admit his flaws. It shows he is self-aware, honest, and relatable all of which will help the audience believe in what he is telling them and believe in his advice. Kutcher uses a long sentence later when he is explaining what he relearned from making the movie about Steve Jobs. This use of a long sentence shows his excitement about this revelation. He is building up to his main point, almost creating suspense, before he reveals it as, â€Å"build your own life.† Kutcher then goes on to repeat â€Å"build your own life† three times. This really emphasizes the meaning his advice about living life in its simplest form. He repeats it because he wants people to remember. Ashton Kutcher used sentence structure and a repeated phrase to communicate, not only his advice but also his passion, clearly and inspire his audience. Ashton Kutcher confronts and directly addresses the audience multiple times in his speech to build rapport. Ashton starts his speech with, â€Å"What’s up,† immediately confronting the audience as if they are all already friends. This creates a more casual and relaxed setting so the audience feels more relatable to him and on the same level. Furthermore, he says â€Å"You know...,† when starting some of his sentences adding to the casual feeling as well as getting the audience involved in what he is saying. He addresses the audience repeatedly by saying â€Å"you guys† such as

Cause and Effect of Stress in Young Children - 1162 Words

Determining Causes and Effects- Draft Version Jacqueline C. Winfield Professor Leverett Butts English Composition- ENG 115 Friday, November 22, 2012 Young children are not always the first people we think of when it comes to the stress factor. We tend to believe that they are living in their best years, however with changes in economic situations such as parents not remaining married, being exposed to violence, and even feeling the need to belong a child can become overwhelmed. According to Wikipedia contributors, stress in young children can be beneficial to proper growth and development if it is not persistent (2013). Stress in young children should be monitored by caregivers, teachers, and others to prevent youth from†¦show more content†¦This increases the needs for medical doctors and researchers to aid in children’s well-being. Stress can make one over-aggressive causing children to become more violent. This possibly will increase the rates in bullying in schools at present to domestic abuse in the future. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is define as a mental condition that can affect a person who has had a very shocking or difficult experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, etc.( Merriam- Webster, 2013). When PTSD is not diagnosed for a long period it harms the brain causing impaired brain circuit formation resulting in small brain size in younger children (Wikipedia, 2013). Another effect of stress in youth is obesity. It has been an ongoing problem in past years. With the increasing demand of fast food chains it has become a quick fix for people to over indulge in horrible eating habits. With fast food restaurants’ remanding open late night and the famous value menu we are losing our youth to chubbiness. Between the factors of PTSD and obesity a child may become withdrawn. When this happens it can increase suicide rates. Children who are withdrawn may struggle in school, have frequent mood changes, feel neglect, and generally inadequate to their peers. As shown in the graph below, children make up 50% of people affected byShow MoreRelated Effects Of Being A Foster Care On Children And Adolescents1219 Words   |  5 PagesMackenzie Murphy English Composition 101 Dr.Kom Kunyosing Cause and Effect Essay November 16, 2015 Effects of being in foster care on children and adolescents Being in foster care can either have a positive effect on someone or it could have a very negative effect on someone. In my case, it not only had a positive effect but it also had some downfalls. Most often times children/adolescents are placed in foster care because it is a safer environment for themRead MoreThe Effects of Poverty on Children Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages When analyzing children growing up in poverty a lot of factors come into play such as their physical, psychological and emotional development. To grow up in poverty can have long term effect on a child. What should be emphasized in analyzing the effects of poverty on children is how it has caused many children around the world to suffer from physical disorders, malnutrition, and even diminishes their capacities to function in society. Poverty has played a major role in the functioning of familiesRead MoreFailing Expectations On Future Generations960 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative decision because children develop stress and unstable futures; nevertheless we can solve the issues of divorce by visiting marriage counselors, communicating with one another, and partaking in trail marriages Growing up with divorced parents can have a negative effect on children. â€Å"It diminishes children’s future competence in all five of society’s major or tasks institutions: family, school, religion, marketplace and government† (Fagon and Churhill 1). Children growing up with divorcedRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1548 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Divorce on Children Mikele J. King Medaille College Abstract The current divorce rate suggests that one out of every two marriages will end in divorce. This paper is a critical literature review that explores the hypothesis that divorce has detrimental effects on children. Six different risks have been suggested to cause the differences in an increased need for help between divorced family children and two-parent family children: parental loss, economic loss, more lifeRead MoreDivorce : Why It Affects Children More Than Adults872 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce: Why It Affects Children More Than Adults In today’s world many things affect children way more than it will adults. Children, while younger, are more vulnerable than adults are, and they have more potential to become â€Å"corrupted†. Divorce is one of the many occurrences that definitely affects children way more than adults. Divorce affects the adults with money issues, loss of a partner, and the lifestyle of the adult and with over â€Å"fifty percent of marriages† (Corcoran 1997) ending in divorceRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Infants And Young Children1711 Words   |  7 Pagesour environment shapes us is through stress, either experienced directly or indirectly. Stress is a complex physiobiological response that can have enduring biological, emotional, and behavioral consequences (Lupien et al, 2009). A fetus is sensitive to hormonal and other physiological indicators of stress within the womb and exposure to stress carries on after conception and continues to affect emotional and cognitive functioning of infants and young children. Similar to many other psychologicalRead MoreEffects of Non-Normative Life Events on Preschool and Middle Aged Children; Cognitive and Socioemotional1627 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Non-Normative Life Events on Preschool and Middle Aged Children; Cognitive and Socioemotional. This paper is intended to answer the question of what the effects are of non -normative life events on preschoolers and middle childhood aged children; cognitively and socioemotionally. This is very dear to me as I have two young children as well as older step children that have dealt with medical conditions with their father and I, as well as divorce with my older step children. ManyRead MoreThe Effect on Smoking Cigarette Banned in Public Essays1282 Words   |  6 Pagesrisk of dangerous drugs that cause the disease to the body of smokers and people who live nearby. Currently, there are many more smokers are aware of the adverse effects of smoking. But the number of smokers is still increasing. Especially worrisome and continue to cause adverse effects in both polite society and the environment. Smoking is much more to keep the population down to health problems and premature death. Of death, with smoking rates higher than other causes of death combined, includingRead MoreDivorce : The Effect On Children1084 Words   |  5 PagesHalterman Professor Tausch CTI 102 D Written Communication 4 October 2014 Divorce: the Effect on Children In today’s society, divorce has become a normal occurrence. Married couples today are getting divorces due to many different reasons; conflicts in the marriage, a loss of romantic feelings, perhaps a spouse is having an affair, or other types of problems. Most divorces have children that are really young and due to their age, they do not have any idea how to deal with this type of situationRead MoreAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States† (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violence can have negative effects on people causing; emotional

A Fine Balance Characters Free Essays

4 Characters: Dina, Ishvar, Om, Maneck. Ishvar is Om’s nephew. Dina is widowed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fine Balance: Characters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maneck college student. Dina Shroff, who was raised by her strict brother after her father died she meets Rustom Dalal. The couple fall in love and marry, but on their third wedding anniversary Rustom is killed in a bicycle accident, leaving Dina alone. Rustom’s aunt teaches Dina to sew her eyesight begins to fail, so she is forced to find another way to make money Her friend Zenobia introduces her to Mrs Gupta, who offers her some tailoring piece work She hires Ishvar Darji and his nephew Omprakash, originally from a small village, to do the work. Ishvar’s father wanted a better life for his sons and so sent them to a neighbouring town to learn to be tailors They became the apprentices of Muslim tailor Ashraf Ishvar was seventeen, racial hatred of Muslims reached boiling point and any homes or shops belonging to Muslims were burnt to the ground Ishvar and his brother Narayan saved Ashraf’s shop by claiming it belonged to them, leaving Ashraf forever in their debt. Narayan returned to the village and set up a successful tailor business for lower caste people He married and had a son. His business was very successful and it gave him enough money to build a proper house All was going well until Narayan discovered that the elections were being fixed by Thakur Dharamsi, a powerful land owner Narayan confronted Thakur, who had him tortured Not satisfied with just killing Narayan, Thakur decided to punish his whole family. Narayan’s wife, daughters and parents were tied up and burnt alive in their home. Omprakesh and Ishvar were the only ones to escape they continued working in their tailor shop, but were forced out of business when a ready-made clothing shop opened in the town. Maneck. He grew up in a mountain village, where his father was the proud owner of the local village store and inventor of a popular drink, Kohlah Cola Maneck was sent to college and became good friends with the student president, Avinash Avinash led an uprising against the conditions and became involved in politics When the Emergency was declared, Avinash had to go into hiding, leaving Maneck alone His mother then arranged for him to move in with Dina Dalal The four are quite happy for almost a year, but then the Emergency starts to impact their lives. The tailor’s shack is demolished in a government beautification program, forcing them to live on the streets After two months they bribe their way out and persuade Dina to let them move in with her. Ishvar decides it is time for Om to find a wife, so they return to Ashraf’s town There they bump into Thakur, who recognises the pair Ashraf is beaten to death and Ishvar and Om are given compulsory vasectomies Thakur visits them as they are recovering from the operation and arranges on a medical pretext to have Om’s testicles removed. Ishvar’s legs become infected and have to be amputated. Maneck finishes his college course and returns home His father’s business is failing due to cheap imports of commercial soda, and Maneck decides to leave, taking a job in the Middle East. Dina finds herself all alone. A Beggarmaster who had been protecting her from her landlord’s bailiffs is murdered, leaving her vulnerable; she reluctantly returns to live with her brother. Eight years later, Maneck returns home for his father’s funeral. Maneck reads some old newspapers and discovers that Avinash was found dead by the side of a railway track and Avinash’s three teenage sisters hanged themselves because their parents could not afford their wedding dowries. Maneck decides to visit Dina She explains that Ishvar lost his legs and that the tailors are now beggars Maneck leaves Dina’s house, pretending not to recognize the tailors in the street, and heads for the railway station where he steps in front of a train. How to cite A Fine Balance: Characters, Papers

Computer Security for Attack Experiences - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theComputer Security and other Issues for Attack Experiences. Answer: Attack Experiences A friend described to me an instance when the bank he was working for was hit by a cyber attack two years ago. The criminals posed as clients, who wanted to open a bank account. They persuaded the accounts opening officer to plug in a disk drive in to his computer so that he could download the clients documents and images. The flash disk was infected with a virus which quickly spread to the other computers in the organization, attempting to hijack core banking credentials and other information. The attack did not inflict any type of damage since the IT department was fast in arresting its spread. At the same time, the bank was hesitant to divulge any details because they feared it would affect the trust customers had in them. The attack was mainly successful because the customer service agent was not following the company policy regarding the use of disk drives, regardless of whether they were personal or from third parties. The company could have blocked disk drive access from the computers to further ensure that people who failed to follow policy did not hurt the companys interests. The computers which were affected by the attack were quarantined and taken off the network, as IT auditors ascertained the extent of the spread. Thereafter, an antivirus capable of neutralizing the threat was procured and applied on the infected computers, as well as the network. The security system used by the company was also reviewed. Had the employee in question and other received thorough training on the danger that such devices posed, it is likely that the attack could have been prevented. The attack could also have been prevented through the use of software that blocks disk drive access to the computer, requiring the customers to bring their documents in hard copy or have photos taken at the bank. Ransomware Attacks The Wannacry, Petya and NotPetya ransomware attacks have recently hit the global computer networks, affecting systems from Ukraine to the United States and Australia. The attacks were able to get into the computer systems of government bodies and companies, lock them and demand payment to reopen them or decrypt data they held. The payment demand was in terms of bitcoins, to reduce the chances of being tracked down. The ransomware was highly successful, at least in terms of how fast and wide they spread. It was aided in this by the fact that it was highly sophisticated, the tools used to make it being stolen from the NSA. They used the vulnerabilities found in Microsoft Windows to bypass security systems, and used emails as one of the tools of spreading, making its pace fast and not easily detectable. According to information released by Kaspersky after the third attack, NotPetya, all companies were advised to update their security systems and operating systems. This was based on the belief that vulnerabilities which had since been fixed (before the attack) were used to hijack computers. Users were also warned not to open any emails they found suspicious while reviewing their security setup frequently. The perpetrators of the attacks demanded a payment in bitcoins be sent to them o that they could then give the victim a code to decrypt the files in their computers. Kaspersky and other computer systems security companies soon issued decryption tools to get rid of the ransomware. The decryption tool would roll back the effects of the ransomware, though this is an extensive process owing to the complex nature of the attack itself. Zero-Day Attacks The ransom ware described above Wannacry, Petya and others can also qualify as being zero-day attacks. The attacks were able to find vulnerabilities in Windows operating systems, which had not been patched before. The vulnerabilities were discovered by research going into years, and initially performed by the NSA. The NSA later lost these tools and information on the vulnerabilities, which were then used to fashion highly complex hacking tools in the form of the afore-mentioned ransomware. Other software has also come under attack. For instance, adobe flash player was the victim of attacks which had discovered a weakness in its code, which was then exploited before a patch could be developed by the company. The malware was discovered by actions of hackers who must have spent a considerable amount of time examining the code looking for possible loopholes to exploit. In early 2017, FireEye discovered an attack used to attack computer systems using vulnerabilities in Microsoft office. This attack was addressed in conjunction with Microsoft to coordinate a response. In 2015, FireEye also discovered an attack directed at Windows to steal credentials, the malware would hijack the system and encrypt data with a financial objective. To defend against zero-day attacks, computer services companies such as Adobe and Microsoft frequently release patches so as to address any vulnerability. Upon release, it is the duty of the user or company to ensure the patches have been run. Organizations can also do frequent checks on their computer systems with the aim of discovering any vulnerabilities, or attacks being perpetrated with the use of these vulnerabilities. Antivirus comparison Antivirus Provider Features Mcfee Mcfee (free) Norton bit defender Firewall Yes Yes Yes Yes antispam Yes Yes Yes Yes parental control NO Yes Yes Yes Backup NO NO Yes no Currently, I use a free antivirus, AVG it has a few features which I admire, and work for me. The antivirus I use is light on the computer. It does not affect the normal operations of the computer, though it extends the switch off time and reboots too. It has capabilities to protect against many forms of malware, including phishing and other malicious attacks, while also having an easy-to-reach support center. It does not have a parental control or backup mechanism, which I think is a disadvantage. I have to run back-up manually, as opposed to Norton which enables this remotely. I would recommend Norton to users. It costs around 50 dollars for an annual subscription. It has several features which I think are great to have on a computer, while the price is not prohibitive. The free Mcfee also comes with several features, all for free. It is important to note that free antivirus has several limitations, especially when it comes to online protection. Again, Norton is best equipped to handle such threats. Blowfish Blowfish has held the reputation as one p0of the few whose code has never been cracked, since it was first launched in 1993. Blowfish has several strengths apart from this. Blowfish is designed to use a 448-bit key. The key can be cracked. However, it would take an impractical amount of resources, including time and equipment to break it. According to some estimates, millions of years would pass before the code is cracked. The only other avenue is trying lucky numbers, which is not an effective method of trying to break the code. By comparison, most browsers use keys which are either 40-bit or 128 bit. While the 128-bit key is considerably strong and hard to break, the 40bit key can be cracked through the use of a personal computer, and within hours. While other block ciphers are patented and sold, Blowfish is free, meaning that it is easier to access and use. This has helped enhance its spread among users around the world. Blowfish has its weaknesses. It is an old code, having been designed in the pre-2000 era. It was not made for some of the modern threats that computer advances have brought about. The creator of the tool has since been able to create a replacement, Twofish. The cipher is more difficult to crack, especially in instances where previous versions of Blowfish, such as the 40 and 64-bit version were susceptible to attack. The cipher is used currently to secure browsers among other security applications. Key Management Life Cycle Key Management Life Cycle diagram Destruction Archival Expiration Rotation Monitoring Deployment Backup CREATION The Key Management Life Cycle includes the steps outlined in the diagram and better annotated below. A key should be valid depending on its length. The longer it is, the longer the lifespan. Both the organization and the user have a shared responsibility to secure the keys. Creation - A key is generated by the key manager or a trusted third party. The attributes of the key are then stored in a special database, which is also encrypted. A keys activation happens automatically or manually, or it can be timed to activate at a point in time. Backup This involves storing a copy of the key in case of future loss or other instances. The process also includes encryption and storage. Deployment Deployment refers to the time when the key is being applied to secure the device in question. Prior to deployment, the key is additionally tested to ensure operations are compatible with other system properties, and avoid data loss or theft. Monitoring Monitoring the key is necessary to assess its success for the role it is supposed to perform. Rotation During rotation, the key encrypts all the data it should, this process is intensive and very important. Expiration Key rotation completion may signal the start of the end for use of the key. This also depends on the life cycle of encrypted information. Highly sensitive data also force keys to be in operation for a shorter time. Archival Archival of the key happens after it has been expired. This is done to for record keeping and for future instances when the encrypted information may be needed Removal form service the life of a key ends when it is destroyed, deleted or terminated. Network Firewall Comparison Fortinet Cisco FireEye Rule-based or application-aware Application-aware Application-aware Application-aware stateless or stateful filtering stateless stateless stateful Content filtering yes yes no IDS/IPS IPS IDS IDS Costs 1195 1500 9600 In view of the information outlined below, Cisco may be the best buy. It has a recognized name in the market and offers competent support. While FireEye also does the same, its price range is too high; though it could also be attributed to the value it brings the user, in terms of enhanced security, ease of use and ability to understand t more swiftly than the other two options. Case Project 8-5: Cloud Computing Benefits Cloud computing benefits Cloud computing is becoming more common in organizations. It allows for efficiency, while saving costs, especially since organizations no longer need to have physical servers to store and process information Vendors features and costs Vendor IaaS PaaS SaaS Storage Amazon EC2 (Elastic Cloud Compute) Amazon Web Services* Amazon Web Services* S3 (Simple Storage Service) Google n/a Google App Engine (Python, Java, Go) Google Aps Google Cloud Storage HP Enterprise Services Cloud Compute Cloud Application Delivery HP Software as a Service Enterprise Services Cloud Compute IBM SmartCloud Enterprise SmartCloud Application Services SaaS products SmartCloud Enterprise object storage Cloud computing and storage of learning material Cloud computing and storage can be applied in the storage and processing of academic material such as lectures and notes. The information would be quickly accessed by both lecturers and the students through protected accounts to the system. Cloud computing is feasible in this case because it may not be possible to store the information locally and have students access it through an intranet or specific computers. It is therefore important for the school to enhance efficiency by adopting cloud computing.